{"id":40092533,"date":"2022-11-09T09:55:03","date_gmt":"2022-11-09T09:55:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chinadialogueocean.net\/?post_type=explainer&#038;p=92533"},"modified":"2024-04-12T14:39:37","modified_gmt":"2024-04-12T14:39:37","slug":"explainer-why-cites-matters-for-marine-species","status":"publish","type":"explainer","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/ocean\/explainer-why-cites-matters-for-marine-species\/","title":{"rendered":"Explainer: Why CITES matters for marine species"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<ul class=\"has-background wp-block-list\" style=\"background-color:#f7f7f9\"><li><a href=\"#h-what-is-cites\">What is CITES?<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-when-and-where-will-cites-cop19-be-held\">When and where will CITES CoP19 be held?<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-what-are-the-cites-appendices\">What are the CITES appendices?<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-what-is-the-cites-cop-for\">What is the CITES CoP for?<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-what-happens-if-a-country-doesn-t-follow-cites-rules\">What happens if a country doesn\u2019t follow CITES rules?<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-what-marine-species-are-on-the-agenda-at-cites-cop19\">What marine species are on the agenda at CITES CoP19?<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-what-other-ocean-topics-will-be-discussed-at-cites-cop19\">What other ocean topics will be discussed at CITES CoP19?<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-is-cites\">What is CITES?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>CITES is an agreement regulating the international trade in certain species of wild animal and plant. It is thanks to CITES that international commercial trade in many high-profile wildlife products \u2013 such as big cat skins, elephant ivory and rhino horn \u2013 is banned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>CITES (or the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) came into effect in 1975, with 10 signatory states (or parties). Since then, almost every country in the world has signed up, plus the European Union. CITES currently has 184 parties.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-when-and-where-will-cites-cop19-be-held\">When and where will CITES CoP19 be held?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The 19th Conference of the Parties to CITES \u2013 or CoP19 \u2013 will be held in Panama City between 14 and 25 November 2022. Meetings of the convention\u2019s Standing Committee will happen immediately before and after CoP19, also in Panama City.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-are-the-cites-appendices\">What are the CITES appendices?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>CITES works by listing species of wild plant and animal on one of three <a href=\"https:\/\/cites.org\/eng\/app\/appendices.php\">appendices<\/a>. Appendix I is meant for those species which are threatened with extinction, and where trade is a current or potential threat to their continued existence. Any international movement of these species \u2013 or products made from them \u2013 requires permits from both the exporting and importing country. International trade for commercial purposes is not allowed. There are currently 1,082 plant and animal species on Appendix I.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Appendix II is intended for species which may not be currently threatened with extinction, but could become so if trade is not regulated. In practice, Appendix II includes many highly endangered species. By far the biggest CITES appendix, it includes 37,420 species (most of them plants). International commercial trade in these species is allowed under CITES, but requires a permit from the exporting country, after determining that the export will not harm the survival of the species, and that the specimen has been obtained legally. Permits are required from the importing country if the specimen is taken from the high seas, outside national jurisdiction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Appendix III is used when a specific country wants to regulate trade in a given species. Whereas additions to Appendix I and II require the agreement of two-thirds of the CoP, a country can add species to Appendix III unilaterally. Export permits are then required for that species to be exported from the country. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The vast majority of wild animals and plant species \u2013 including many which are threatened \u2013 are not listed on any of the CITES appendices.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-is-the-cites-cop-for\">What is the CITES CoP for?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>At CoPs, member states convene to decide on changes to the appendices, and to review how the CITES convention is being implemented. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Decisions and resolutions are adopted and amended. These guide the parties and the CITES Secretariat in implementing the convention on a day-to-day basis. Decisions may include the commission of studies and reviews into the trade and conservation status of various wildlife species.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-happens-if-a-country-doesn-t-follow-cites-rules\">What happens if a country doesn\u2019t follow CITES rules?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/cites.org\/eng\/disc\/text.php#III\">convention text<\/a> requires parties to \u201ctake appropriate measures\u201d to enforce the convention and to \u201cprohibit trade in specimens in violation thereof\u201d. These measures include having domestic laws to implement the convention, seizing illegally traded wildlife and punishing illegal trade, or trafficking, of CITES-listed wildlife.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If a country is found to be consistently failing to abide by CITES rules, a <a href=\"https:\/\/cites.org\/eng\/resources\/ref\/suspend.php\">recommendation<\/a> may be issued to other parties to suspend trade with that country of some or all CITES-listed species \u2013 in effect a trade sanction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-marine-species-are-on-the-agenda-at-cites-cop19\">What marine species are on the agenda at CITES CoP19?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Requiem sharks<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Together, 15 Asian, African and European countries have submitted a <a href=\"https:\/\/cites.org\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/E-CoP19-Prop-37.pdf\">proposal<\/a> to add all species in the family <em>Carcharhinidae<\/em> \u2013 commonly known as requiem sharks \u2013 to CITES Appendix II at CoP19. This family includes many well-known shark species of warmer waters, such as the bull shark, blue shark and reef sharks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cd-article-image aligncenter block--article-image block--article-image--wide\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"><div class=\"block--article-image__column\"><div class=\"hide-expand block--article-image__image\"><img class=\"lazy\" data-src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Blue-Shark_Alamy_D1EXX0-scaled.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Blue-Shark_Alamy_D1EXX0-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Blue-Shark_Alamy_D1EXX0-1024x682.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Blue-Shark_Alamy_D1EXX0-scaled.jpg 2560w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 768px, (max-width: 1024px) 1024px, 2560px\" alt=\"Blue Shark alone in water\"\/><\/div><div class=\"block--article-image__content\"><div itemprop=\"caption\" class=\"block--article-image__caption\">A blue shark near Cape Town, South Africa (Image: Alamy)<\/div><\/div><\/div><meta itemprop=\"contentUrl\" content=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Blue-Shark_Alamy_D1EXX0-scaled.jpg\"\/><meta itemprop=\"contentSize\" content=\"320 KB\"\/><meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"1706\"\/><meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"2560\"\/><meta itemprop=\"author\"\/><meta itemprop=\"representativeOfPage\" content=\"true\"\/><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>At present, only two species in the family are listed on Appendix II. The proposal points out that 19 species in the family are considered endangered or critically endangered by the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature), due in part to unsustainable fishing linked to international trade.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It notes that this family of sharks represent the majority of the global trade in shark fins \u2013 as much as 85.5% of all fins on sale in major shark fin markets. The proposal then argues that trade in <em>all<\/em> species in the family needs to be regulated, because other species so closely resemble the 19 endangered ones that regulating trade in only some would be impossible in practice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In its <a href=\"https:\/\/cites.org\/sites\/default\/files\/eng\/cop\/19\/doc\/E-CoP19-89-01.pdf\">assessment<\/a> of listing proposals brought to CoP19, the CITES Secretariat agrees with the justifications given in the proposal, and recommends its adoption at CoP19. It is likely to be opposed by Japan and other CITES parties that have consistently argued against protections of marine species under CITES. To be adopted, listing proposals require support from two-thirds of parties present at the CoP (discounting those which abstain).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Hammerhead sharks<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama and the European Union have jointly <a href=\"https:\/\/cites.org\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/E-CoP19-Prop-38.pdf\">proposed<\/a> the inclusion of hammerhead sharks (the family <em>Sphyrnidae<\/em>) in CITES Appendix II. Of the nine species in the family, five are considered critically endangered. Three of the largest hammerhead shark species are already included in Appendix II.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This proposal focuses on one species, the bonnethead shark, which occurs in warm coastal warm waters of North, Central and South America. In 2020, the species was classified as endangered, having suffered serious population declines and extinctions across parts of its range. The proposal notes that the species appears in the global shark fin trade, including markets in Hong Kong.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As with requiem sharks, the proposal covers all species in the family, arguing that because the fins of different hammerhead shark species are so difficult to distinguish, all species need to be covered by regulation for it to be effective, and to ensure trade does not push the most threatened species closer to extinction. The listing of all hammerhead shark species was also recommended in a <a href=\"https:\/\/cites.org\/sites\/default\/files\/eng\/com\/ac\/30\/Inf\/E-AC30-Inf-14.pdf\">review<\/a> produced by WWF and TRAFFIC for the CITES Animals Committee in 2018; the proposal has received the support of the CITES Secretariat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Guitarfishes<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The family <em>Rhinobatidae<\/em> \u2013 guitarfishes \u2013 includes 37 species of long-tailed rays that live in mostly warm coastal waters around the Indian, Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Two-thirds of guitarfish species are assessed as critically endangered, endangered or vulnerable to extinction by the IUCN. A <a href=\"https:\/\/cites.org\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/E-CoP19-Prop-40.pdf\">proposal<\/a> from Israel, Kenya, Panama and Senegal asks CITES CoP19 to list the whole family on Appendix II. None are currently protected by CITES regulations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cd-article-image aligncenter block--article-image block--article-image--wide\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"><div class=\"block--article-image__column\"><div class=\"hide-expand block--article-image__image\"><img class=\"lazy\" data-src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Common-guitarfish-and-Remora_Alamy_R1693K-scaled.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Common-guitarfish-and-Remora_Alamy_R1693K-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Common-guitarfish-and-Remora_Alamy_R1693K-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Common-guitarfish-and-Remora_Alamy_R1693K-scaled.jpg 2560w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 768px, (max-width: 1024px) 1024px, 2560px\" alt=\"Common guitarfish and Remora\"\/><\/div><div class=\"block--article-image__content\"><div itemprop=\"caption\" class=\"block--article-image__caption\">The IUCN have assessed the common guitarfish, seen here at the Great Barrier Reef, as critically endangered (Image: Alamy)<\/div><\/div><\/div><meta itemprop=\"contentUrl\" content=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Common-guitarfish-and-Remora_Alamy_R1693K-scaled.jpg\"\/><meta itemprop=\"contentSize\" content=\"576 KB\"\/><meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"1707\"\/><meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"2560\"\/><meta itemprop=\"author\"\/><meta itemprop=\"representativeOfPage\" content=\"true\"\/><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The proposal focuses on six critically endangered species of guitarfish, but once again urges listing of the whole family due to the difficulty of telling species apart. The proposal highlights that guitarfishes are caught for their meat, skins and fins, and that guitarfishes breed slowly, making them vulnerable to overfishing. The CITES Secretariat is supporting the proposal, despite stating there is limited evidence that guitarfishes are threatened by international trade, noting a long-standing resolution that \u201cin case of uncertainty regarding the status of a species or impact of trade\u2026 [CITES parties] shall act in the best interest of the conservation of the species\u201d \u2013 that is, to err on the side of regulation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Sea cucumbers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The European Union, Seychelles and US have <a href=\"https:\/\/cites.org\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/E-CoP19-Prop-42-R1.pdf\">proposed<\/a> the inclusion of three species of sea cucumber, of the genus <em>Thelenota<\/em>, in CITES Appendix II. Sea cucumbers are marine animals, distantly related to sea stars and sea urchins, which feed on organic detritus on the ocean floor. There are approximately 1,250 known species. Many are consumed as food, particularly in China.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sea cucumbers received CITES protections for the first time at CoP18 in 2019, when three species of the genus <em>Holothuria <\/em>were added to Appendix II. The listing did not receive universal support \u2013 China spoke against it during debate, and Japan subsequently entered a <a href=\"https:\/\/cites.org\/sites\/default\/files\/notif\/E-Notif-2019-077.pdf\">reservation<\/a> for one of the species, which means the country refuses to implement the listing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cd-article-image aligncenter block--article-image block--article-image--wide\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"><div class=\"block--article-image__column\"><div class=\"hide-expand block--article-image__image\"><img class=\"lazy\" data-src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Red-lined-sea-cucumber_Alamy_CXRJT7-scaled.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Red-lined-sea-cucumber_Alamy_CXRJT7-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Red-lined-sea-cucumber_Alamy_CXRJT7-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Red-lined-sea-cucumber_Alamy_CXRJT7-scaled.jpg 2560w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 768px, (max-width: 1024px) 1024px, 2560px\" alt=\"Red-lined sea cucumber (Thelenota rubrolineata) on the sandy seafloor\"\/><\/div><div class=\"block--article-image__content\"><div itemprop=\"caption\" class=\"block--article-image__caption\"><em>Thelenota rubrolineata<\/em>, one of 1,250 known species of sea cucumber (Image: Alamy)<\/div><\/div><\/div><meta itemprop=\"contentUrl\" content=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Red-lined-sea-cucumber_Alamy_CXRJT7-scaled.jpg\"\/><meta itemprop=\"contentSize\" content=\"878 KB\"\/><meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"1707\"\/><meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"2560\"\/><meta itemprop=\"author\"\/><meta itemprop=\"representativeOfPage\" content=\"true\"\/><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>This proposal emphasises that one <em>Thelenota <\/em>species is endangered thanks to overfishing, and the other two are considered \u201cdata deficient\u201d by the IUCN, though \u201crelatively uncommon\u201d and \u201crare\u201d respectively across their range. All three species, which live in coastal waters of the Indian and western Pacific oceans, are harvested for food, and traded internationally. The main import markets for the species include China and Singapore, with Hong Kong a major trade hub. The proponents say that regulating this trade via an Appendix II listing would ensure its sustainability, so it can continue to support the livelihoods of fishers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This proposal is likely to trigger debate at CoP19. According to the proposal, Iran, Senegal and Sudan have already expressed their support. The CITES Secretariat is supporting an Appendix II listing for only two of the three species of <em>Thelenota <\/em>sea cucumber.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-other-ocean-topics-will-be-discussed-at-cites-cop19\">What other ocean topics will be discussed at CITES CoP19?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Discussions on which species to add or remove from the CITES appendices are not the only things that happen at a CoP. While proposals are being debated in one session, another is held concurrently at which countries discuss a wide range of other agenda items \u2013 from the financing and administration of the convention, to reviewing how well CITES is being implemented with respect to certain species.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>One item likely to attract attention is on trade in the totoaba \u2013&nbsp;a fish species endemic to the Gulf of California in Mexico, whose swim bladder is in high demand in parts of China despite international trade being illegal. Illegal fishing for the totoaba has led to the near extinction of the vaquita, the world\u2019s smallest porpoise, which shares its habitat. CITES CoP19 will consider <a href=\"https:\/\/cites.org\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/E-CoP19-29-02-01_1.pdf\">recommendations<\/a> directed primarily at Mexico to better tackle this illegal fishing and trade, which action to date has proven unable to stop.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<a class=\"wp-block-cd-related-news alignright block--related-news loading\" data-post-id=\"40092155\"><div class=\"block--related-news__image\"><\/div><div class=\"block--related-news__content\"><span class=\"block--related-news__heading\">Recommended<\/span><span class=\"block--related-news__title\"><\/span><\/div><\/a>\n\n\n\n<p>At a meeting of the CITES Standing Committee just before CoP19 opens, the Secretariat will also <a href=\"https:\/\/cites.org\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/E-SC75-07-05_0.pdf\">report<\/a> on a visit to Earth Ocean Farms, a facility which earlier this year was controversially <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/governance\/in-mexico-the-green-light-for-exporting-farmed-totoaba-divides-opinion\/\">given the green light to export the meat of captive-bred totoaba<\/a>. Many conservationists say this move will make it harder to tackle illegal trade in totoaba swim bladders. Earth Ocean Farms has promised to destroy the swim bladders of the totoaba it raises. The CITES Secretariat has reported that when it visited the facility in June, a \u201csubstantial\u201d stockpile of swim bladders held at the company had not yet been destroyed; an update from Mexico is requested in Panama.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Other matters discussed will include recommendations for governments in implementing CITES listings for <a href=\"https:\/\/cites.org\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/E-CoP19-65.pdf\">sharks and rays<\/a>; a new <a href=\"https:\/\/cites.org\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/E-CoP19-64-02.pdf\">draft resolution<\/a> on improving protections for marine turtles against ongoing illegal trade; and <a href=\"https:\/\/cites.org\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/E-CoP19-69-02.pdf\">recommendations<\/a> to improve regulation of trade in seahorses, which are all listed on CITES Appendix II but continue to be heavily impacted by trafficking.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This month, the world\u2019s governments will convene in Panama for a major meeting on wildlife trade. We unpack the big points for marine species.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":40092536,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[50039901],"tags":[511,527,40027778,580],"country":[],"class_list":["post-40092533","explainer","type-explainer","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ocean","tag-biodiversity","tag-crime","tag-marine-protection","tag-policy"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.0 (Yoast SEO v26.0) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Explainer: Why CITES matters for marine species<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"This month, the world\u2019s governments will convene in Panama for a major meeting on wildlife trade. 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