{"id":50363840,"date":"2023-03-01T16:53:41","date_gmt":"2023-03-01T16:53:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dialogochino.net\/?p=63840"},"modified":"2024-04-12T14:05:23","modified_gmt":"2024-04-12T14:05:23","slug":"363840-just-transition-what-does-it-mean-for-latin-america","status":"publish","type":"explainer","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/363840-just-transition-what-does-it-mean-for-latin-america\/","title":{"rendered":"What does a \u2018just transition\u2019 mean for Latin America?"},"content":{"rendered":"

In Chile, the state-owned company CODELCO, the world\u2019s largest copper producer, last year announced<\/a> the closure of Ventanas, a smelting plant in one of the most polluted areas of the country: Quintero, in the central Valparaiso region. The decision to close Ventanas followed a new episode of air pollution<\/a> that affected hundreds of people and forced the closure of schools. Chile\u2019s president, Gabriel Boric, has said he feels \u201cshame\u201d at the levels of environmental degradation in the area.<\/p>\n

In response to the announcement, workers at Ventanas called a strike, claiming they hadn\u2019t been consulted about the closure, which they said would result in the loss of local jobs. Finally, after days of tension, they agreed to end the protests, when the government committed to providing support for workers who would lose face unemployment.<\/p>\n

What happened in Chile is being repeated all over Latin America. The transition to sustainable economies that have low greenhouse gas emissions is forcing polluting industries to change. But experts say that to avoid increasing inequalities, the way in which this takes place is just as important as its speed.<\/p>\n

The concept of a \u201cjust transition\u201d is being promoted by trade unions and environmental and social organisations as a key tool to ensure that the transition towards a climate-neutral economy happens in a way that’s fair to everyone. Although the concept has been around for decades, it has gained momentum in recent years, given the urgency posed by the climate crisis.<\/p>\n

\n

15 million<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n The number of net jobs that could be generated by decarbonising Latin America\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n

\u201cThe concept is gaining momentum,\u201d says Javiera Lecourt, advocacy coordinator of the Just Transition in Latin America<\/a> project. \u201cTransition is not the destination, it is the journey. It is about changing work cultures and deep-rooted forms of development. It is not going to happen overnight. There are people who [work in the mining industry] and don\u2019t know how to do anything else.\u201d<\/p>\n

For the International Labour Organisation<\/a> (ILO), a just transition means \u201cgreening the economy in a way that is as fair and inclusive as possible for all stakeholders, creating decent work opportunities and leaving no one behind.\u201d While this captures the general idea, the definition varies between countries and sectors, each incorporating its own point of view.<\/p>\n

Thus, for the Trade Union Confederation of the Americas (TUCA<\/a>), which brings together 48 workers\u2019 organisations in 21 countries in the region, a just transition means changing the model of production and consumption. \u201cThere has to be a fundamental discussion in which workers have to take part,\u201d say spokespersons of the organisation. \u201cThe just transition is about creating a new economic model.\u201d<\/p>\n

The origins of the just transition<\/h2>\n

Trade unions in the United States introduced the concept of just transition in the 1980s. At first, it merely referred to a programme to support workers who lost their jobs because of environmental protection policies. However, over time it came to mean something much broader: a gradual transition towards sustainable jobs and economies with a focus on leaving no-one behind.<\/p>\n

As awareness of the climate crisis grew, trade unions began to link the just transition to action on climate change. They started campaigning for the concept to be included in international UN agreements, such as the 2015 Paris Agreement<\/a>, which seeks to limit global warming.<\/p>\n

They had some success. In its preamble, the agreement recognises \u201cthe imperatives of a just transition of the workforce and the creation of decent work and quality jobs in accordace with nationally defined development priorities.\u201d Moreover, the concept of a just transition is linked to 14 of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), a set of targets adopted at the global level in 2015.<\/p>\n

There is no single recipe. Each place needs specific approaches for its just transition<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

In the same year, the ILO also established a set of guidelines<\/a> for a just transition, after consulting with governments, trade unions and businesses. These state that the transition should be based on a solid social consensus, respecting labour rights and adapting policies to the reality of each country and its economy.<\/p>\n

Community and environmental organisations also established their own guidelines. For example, the Just Transition in Latin America project is calling on governments and businesses to provide opportunities for workers to retrain, to diversify their use of energy, compensate those affected negatively by the changes, and have a wide-ranging conversation at all levels of society.<\/p>\n

\u201cThere is no single recipe for a just transition,\u201d says Catalina Gonda, climate policy coordinator at Argentina\u2019s Environment and Natural Resources Foundation (FARN), an NGO. \u201cThere are several lists of principles but it is a concept that has to be adjusted to local conditions. Each place needs specific approaches for its just transition.\u201d<\/p>\n

Moving away from fossil fuels<\/h2>\n

Of all the economic sectors in transition, energy<\/a> is undergoing the greatest change. Energy accounts for almost half of Latin America’s greenhouse gas emissions. Oil, gas and coal are used in electricity generation, transport and industries, which brings an associated environmental cost.<\/p>\n

The energy transition refers to gradually moving away from fossil fuels as a source of power and replacing them with renewable energy sources such as wind and solar. Experts describe it as a significant but necessary shift in order to avoid a further rise in global average temperature, which has already increased by at least 1.1C<\/a> since the Industrial Revolution.<\/p>\n

But the switch to renewables cannot happen in a haphazard way, community and environmental organisations and trade unions agree. That is why they call for a <\/a>\u201c<\/a>just energy transition<\/a>\u201d. This means not only developing cleaner energy sources, but also a system that is fairer and more democratic and takes into account the rights of workers and communities.<\/p>\n

\"Casa<\/a>
Read more:<\/strong> Wind farms in Brazil are encroaching on traditional community land<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u201cThe energy sector is one of the [main contributors to] environmental conflicts and human and land rights violations,\u201d claim Friends of the Earth, the campaign group, and TUCA in a 2022 report.<\/a> To this end, they warn that the same mistakes made with fossil fuels should not be repeated as renewable energy is rolled out across Latin America.<\/p>\n

In Mexico<\/a> and Brazil<\/a>, wind farms have faced opposition from rural communities where projects have been installed, who claim that they were not consulted beforehand. In Ecuador<\/a>, the demand for balsa wood, one of the main materials used in the construction of wind turbine blades, has increased pressure on forests in the Amazon.<\/p>\n

Employment in a just transition<\/h2>\n

Well-managed transitions to environmentally and socially sustainable economies can boost job creation, improve job quality and reduce inequalities, says the ILO.<\/a> Latin America lost 26 million jobs<\/a> during the Covid-19 pandemic. This was exacerbated by pre-existing problems such as the lack of stable employment and inequality.<\/p>\n

Decarbonising the region\u2019s economy could generate 15 million net jobs, according to a report<\/a> by the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) and the ILO. While 7.5 million jobs would be lost, notably in the fossil fuel sector, due to the shift to renewables, 22.5 million would be generated in solar and wind energy, forestry and construction, among other industries.<\/p>\n

Many of the workers who would lose their jobs could transfer their skills to new industries, the report\u2019s authors argue. But, to achieve this, companies and governments will need to implement retraining programmes and put skills development mechanisms in place to support workers during the transition.<\/p>\n

This is especially important for Latin American cities and towns whose economies depend heavily on polluting industries such as fossil fuels, say researchers from the Stockholm Environment Institute<\/a> (SEI) in Colombia. Diversifying the economy will require investment, technical support and political commitment, they add.<\/p>\n

For example, in Argentina, thousands of people have migrated to Vaca Muerta<\/a> in search of jobs in the oil industry. Economic activity in the country\u2019s western Neuqu\u00e9n province revolves around the geological formation that is home to some of the world\u2019s largest shale gas deposits.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Workers
Workers at a refinery for sand used in fracking, at the Vaca Muerta oil and gas fields in Neuqu\u00e9n province, Argentina (Image: Agustin Marcarian \/ Alamy)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

Jonatan Nu\u00f1ez, a researcher at Argentina’s National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), argues that the relationship between jobs gained and lost in the transition raises questions. \u201cWhat happens in one sector isn\u2019t always the same in another sector,\u201d he says. \u201cAnd jobs are not necessarily created and lost in the same place.\u201d<\/p>\n

Nu\u00f1ez believes Latin America must use the energy transition to reimagine its place in the world. The region has significant reserves of minerals that are in demand as countries move away from fossil fuels, such as lithium<\/a>, which is used in electric-car batteries. But if minerals are only extracted and exported overseas, the potential to create new jobs will be very limited, he says, compared to if the minerals were instead used in local industries.<\/p>\n

A long way to go<\/h2>\n

The concept of a just transition is gradually starting to appear in Latin American governments\u2019 public policy documents, says Jos\u00e9 Vega Araujo, a research assistant at SEI in Colombia. \u201cBut there is still a long way to go,\u201d he adds. \u201cEach country must clearly define what it understands by transition and incorporate it into concrete policies.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"Oil
Read more:<\/strong> How much will Argentina\u2019s energy transition cost?<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Among the 170 countries globally that have already updated their global climate change action plans, 65 (38%) refer to a just transition, according to United Nations analysis<\/a> published last year. In Latin America, the list includes Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Honduras, Dominican Republic, Paraguay, and Antigua and Barbuda.<\/p>\n

In Chile, the Boric government created the Office of Socio-Ecological Just Transition within the Ministry of the Environment at the end of last year. The aim is to encourage people living in communities with polluting industries to engage with the private sector and the state in order to move towards a sustainable economy, the ministry said in a statement. <\/a><\/p>\n

To this end, it is working on transition plans for so-called sacrifice zones<\/a>, cities or towns whose quality of life and environment have been affected by industrial activity. The term, created by civil society organisations, refers to the impacts not only of the coal industry but also of copper, cement and chemicals, among others.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"boy
A child plays on the beach in front of a thermoelectric plant pipeline in Las Ventanas, Chile (Image: Pablo Sanhueza \/ Alamy)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

At the COP27<\/a> climate change conference in Egypt last November, Colombia announced its roadmap to a just energy transition. The country\u2019s government, led by Gustavo Petro, will seek to replace fossil fuels with renewable energy sources based on the principles of \u201cequity, gradualism and community participation\u201d, according to <\/a>a<\/a> document<\/a> presented at the summit.<\/p>\n

As the country\u2019s second-largest export, coal is the Colombian economy\u2019s most important mineral, sustaining more than 130,000 jobs<\/a>. The government has assured the sector that these are not at risk<\/a>,<\/u> as the transition will be gradual and the tourism and agriculture sectors will be able to absorb those left unemployed by the coal industry. According to Petro, Colombia has a decade<\/a> of fossil fuel exports left.<\/p>\n

Trade unions and social and environmental movements in Latin America acknowledge that the transition is already happening in most countries of the region. However, they believe there\u2019s still time to shape how it takes place, asking governments and industries to start a dialogue to find common ground for the best way forward in as exclusive a way as possible.<\/p>\n

\u201cCleaning up polluting industries for the sake of an energy transition doesn\u2019t have to mean creating new inequalities or deepening already existing ones,\u201d Gonda says. \u201cEveryone needs a seat at the table to discuss what a just transition means to them, considering the specific needs for each sector \u2013 from communities to industries to governments.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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