{"id":73643,"date":"2021-10-28T09:00:26","date_gmt":"2021-10-28T09:00:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chinadialogue.net\/?post_type=explainer&#038;p=73643"},"modified":"2024-04-12T14:48:14","modified_gmt":"2024-04-12T14:48:14","slug":"what-is-cop26-this-years-critical-climate-talks-explained","status":"publish","type":"explainer","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/what-is-cop26-this-years-critical-climate-talks-explained\/","title":{"rendered":"What is COP26? This year\u2019s critical climate talks, explained"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-drop-cap\">COP26 is this year\u2019s crucial UN Climate Change Conference, which is being hosted by the UK in Glasgow, Scotland, from 31 October until 12 November. The talks are organised under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), an international treaty agreed at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992 in order to tackle global warming and deal with its effects. It came into force in 1994.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>COP stands for \u201cconference of the parties\u201d, and is a summit where the 197 signatories to the UNFCCC \u2013 196 countries and the EU \u2013 come together to make decisions on how to implement the treaty. This is the first COP since <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/11705-what-s-at-stake-at-the-cop25-climate-conference\/\">COP25<\/a>, held in Madrid in 2019. The 26<sup>th<\/sup> UNFCCC conference, COP26 was originally due to take place in November 2020, but <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/11915-postponed-climate-cop26-and-biodiversity-negotiations\/\">was postponed<\/a> because of the coronavirus pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-who-will-attend-cop26\">Who will attend COP26?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<a class=\"wp-block-cd-related-news alignright block--related-news loading\" data-post-id=\"68064\"><div class=\"block--related-news__image\"><\/div><div class=\"block--related-news__content\"><span class=\"block--related-news__heading\">Recommended<\/span><span class=\"block--related-news__title\"><\/span><\/div><\/a>\n\n\n\n<p>Over 20,000 people are expected to attend. This includes many heads of state during the first few days. China\u2019s president, Xi Jinping, is unconfirmed, and since he didn\u2019t physically attend this year\u2019s other major COP \u2013 the <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/nature\/kunming-cop15-big-challenges-remain-after-first-session\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">first session of the UN Biodiversity Conference<\/a> held in Kunming, China \u2013 it\u2018s unlikely he\u2019ll attend. Russia\u2019s president, Vladimir Putin, will not be attending but India\u2019s prime minister, Narendra Modi, will. At the previous talks in Madrid, about half the attendees were government representatives, with the rest made up of experts, campaigners, businesspeople, citizens and journalists.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Delegates from less developed countries and civil society have complained that the <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/roundtable-should-cop26-be-delayed\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">talks may not be inclusive<\/a> because their in-person participation has been hampered by vaccination, travel and quarantine issues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-happens-at-cop\">What happens at COP?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The two weeks of talks in Glasgow begin off the back of the G20 Leaders\u2019 Summit in Rome (30\u201331 October), which is expected to focus on the phase-out of fossil fuels and delivering increased ambition on the 2015 Paris Agreement to limit the global rise in temperature to 1.5C above pre-industrial levels. Heads of state will then participate in the World Leaders Summit in the first few days of COP26, where they\u2019ll give speeches and hopefully make new commitments, setting the tone for the negotiations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Each day of the talks has a <a href=\"https:\/\/ukcop26.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Presidency-Programme-for-COP26.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">theme or group of themes<\/a> \u2013 such as finance; energy; and adaptation and loss and damage \u2013 which serve as a focus for events and discussions. Negotiations over the final text in the second week will centre on the remaining elements of the \u201cParis rulebook\u201d \u2013 operationalising the Paris Agreement \u2013 and whether national commitments add up to an ambitious outcome. Negotiations are supposed to end on the Friday but often run over into the weekend.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cd-article-image aligncenter block--article-image\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"><div class=\"block--article-image__column\"><div class=\"block--article-image__image\"><img class=\"lazy\" data-src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/glasgow-cop26.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/glasgow-cop26-768x447.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/glasgow-cop26-1024x596.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/glasgow-cop26.jpg 2560w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 768px, (max-width: 1024px) 1024px, 2560px\" alt=\"Glasgow, UK. Where is COP26?\"\/><\/div><div class=\"block--article-image__content\"><div itemprop=\"caption\" class=\"block--article-image__caption\">An aerial view of the site of the COP26 climate change conference in Glasgow, beside the River Clyde at the Scottish Event Campus (Image: Iain Masterton \/ Alamy)<\/div><\/div><\/div><meta itemprop=\"contentUrl\" content=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/glasgow-cop26.jpg\"\/><meta itemprop=\"contentSize\" content=\"848 KB\"\/><meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"1490\"\/><meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"2560\"\/><meta itemprop=\"author\"\/><meta itemprop=\"representativeOfPage\" content=\"true\"\/><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-s-changed-since-the-last-cop\">What\u2019s changed since the last COP?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The window for action has narrowed. In August, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) released the latest update in its comprehensive report on climate science, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/report\/ar6\/wg1\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Sixth Assessment Report<\/a> or AR6. The report <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/ipcc-report-will-scientists-latest-warning-inject-urgency-into-climate-negotiations\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">warned<\/a> that there\u2019s a fifty-fifty chance that the global average temperature will exceed 1.5C above pre-industrial levels in the next 20 years. Limiting this warming to 1.5C or 2C by the end of the century will not be possible without immediate major reductions in greenhouse gas emissions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<a class=\"wp-block-cd-related-news alignright block--related-news loading\" data-post-id=\"72845\"><div class=\"block--related-news__image\"><\/div><div class=\"block--related-news__content\"><span class=\"block--related-news__heading\">Recommended<\/span><span class=\"block--related-news__title\"><\/span><\/div><\/a>\n\n\n\n<p>This comes on top of a year in which extreme weather events dominated the news, from <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/how-did-chinese-media-cover-the-henan-flood\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">flooding in China<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/2021-monsoon-drought-floods-batter-south-asia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">South Asia<\/a> and Western Europe to <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/the-us-and-china-face-a-common-enemy-climate-catastrophe\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">hurricanes and wildfires<\/a> in the US. Climate change has never been higher on the public agenda because it\u2019s increasingly being seen not just as an environment issue but one that affects our social and economic stability. And this is not just a problem for developing economies. While these nations have suffered the <a href=\"https:\/\/unfccc.int\/news\/climate-change-leads-to-more-extreme-weather-but-early-warnings-save-lives\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">greatest number of deaths<\/a> from disasters over the past 50 years, developed countries have faced hundreds of billions of dollars in economic losses. The AR6 notes that: \u201cHuman-induced climate change is already affecting many weather and climate extremes in every region across the globe.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Another major shift since the last talks is the <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/president-biden-no-time-to-lose-on-climate\/\">return of the US government<\/a> to an active role in addressing climate change. It\u2019s attempting to push through ambitious legislation at home and is using its diplomatic heft to encourage other countries, such as India, South Africa, Japan and Indonesia, to increase their ambition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-why-is-cop26-important\">Why is COP26 important?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>COP26 is the first major test of the 2015 Paris Agreement. When countries negotiated this, they agreed to limit the rise in global average temperature to well below 2C and pursue efforts to not exceed 1.5C above pre-industrial levels. To keep themselves on track with meeting the goals of the agreement, including staying within 1.5C, they created a ratchet mechanism to encourage regular increases in national ambition and a focus on taking short-term action to mitigate and adapt to climate change. This is based on the submission of national climate commitments, known as nationally determined contributions (NDCs), that countries agreed to update and improve on every five years. Those five years were up last December, but countries have been slow to update their NDCs because of the pandemic and the postponement of last year\u2019s talks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-are-current-ndcs-on-target-for-1-5c\">Are current NDCs on target for 1.5C?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Despite the extra time, countries have not submitted new and updated NDCs that are sufficient to successfully limit global temperature increase to 2C, let alone 1.5C. UN Climate Change <a href=\"https:\/\/unfccc.int\/news\/full-ndc-synthesis-report-some-progress-but-still-a-big-concern\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">assessed the 113 new or updated NDCs<\/a> that had been submitted by the end of July, covering about half of global greenhouse gas emissions. For these countries, the NDCs are expected to decrease emissions by 12% in 2030 compared to 2010. The IPCC estimates that a 25% reduction is needed by 2030 to limit warming to 2C, and a 45% reduction to hit 1.5C. The UN will update its figures for all the recently submitted NDCs before COP26 starts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-does-success-at-cop26-look-like\">What does success at COP26 look like?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Alok Sharma, a UK member of parliament serving as the COP26 president, is pressuring countries to raise the ambition of their NDCs going into the conference. \u201cThe science shows us that to keep 1.5 alive we must halve global emissions by 2030, and reach net zero emissions by mid-century,\u201d he said <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/speeches\/following-the-science-to-take-climate-action-and-make-sure-cop26-keeps-the-15-degree-goal-alive\">at the launch<\/a> of the IPCC\u2019s AR6 report. Aside from this, the UK has been focusing its diplomacy on five high-impact areas in the run up to the talks: coal, transport, deforestation, methane, and finance and adaptation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<a class=\"wp-block-cd-related-news alignright block--related-news loading\" data-post-id=\"36828\"><div class=\"block--related-news__image\"><\/div><div class=\"block--related-news__content\"><span class=\"block--related-news__heading\">Recommended<\/span><span class=\"block--related-news__title\"><\/span><\/div><\/a>\n\n\n\n<p>Sharma wants COP26 to \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/AlokSharma_RDG\/status\/1429458197597888516?s=20\">consign coal power to history<\/a>\u201d. This will require developing countries to commit to not building new coal and for developed countries to phase it out by the 2030s. The latest <a href=\"https:\/\/iea.blob.core.windows.net\/assets\/861dc94d-a684-4875-80fb-a1faaf914125\/PhasingOutUnabatedCoal-CurrentStatusandThreeCaseStudies.pdf?utm_source=newsletter&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_campaign=newsletter_axiosgenerate&amp;stream=top\">IEA World Energy Outlook<\/a> shows that there is much to do to achieve this. It finds that, as of mid-2021, only 21 countries have committed to phase out unabated coal, representing just 4.1% of global coal-fired generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Coal financing also needs to end. The <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/cop26-climate-negotiations-still-stuck-on-finance\/\">G7 advanced this agenda<\/a> in June, and China boosted it further when it pledged to <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/energy\/china-to-stop-building-new-coal-power-projects-overseas\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">stop building new coal power overseas<\/a>, although it\u2019s unclear whether planned capacity in countries such as <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/energy\/without-new-foreign-investment-indonesia-should-hit-the-brakes-on-coal-expansion\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Indonesia<\/a>, Vietnam, Cambodia and <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/energy\/zimbabwe-energy-policy-still-favouring-coal\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Zimbabwe<\/a> will still go ahead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>On transport, the UK presidency wants large automakers to commit to making all new cars and vans zero-emission by 2040 globally, and by 2035 in countries with larger markets.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The hosts also want to see a commitment to halt and reverse <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/tag\/deforestation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">deforestation<\/a> this decade, and action on avoidable losses of methane from the energy, agricultural and waste sectors. At the UN General Assembly in September, the EU and the US <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/pre-cop-un-general-assembly-sees-progress-on-methane-climate-finance-and-coal\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">announced the Global Methane Pledge<\/a> to reduce emissions by at least 30% from 2020 levels by 2030. Over 30 countries and the EU have <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2021-10-21\/climate-pact-on-methane-gathers-35-countries-after-u-s-eu-push\">agreed to join<\/a> the pledge, representing about a third of global methane emissions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A major stumbling block going into the talks is the failure of developed countries to keep a 2009 promise to make US$100 billion a year available in climate finance for developing countries to help them decarbonise and adapt to climate change. Meeting the goal is a crucial test of whether developed countries can be trusted to keep their promises. It\u2019s also fundamental to <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/cop26-is-finance-for-climate-action-flowing\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">whether developing countries can achieve their NDCs<\/a>, as many are conditional on receiving financial resources and support.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<a class=\"wp-block-cd-related-news alignright block--related-news loading\" data-post-id=\"73569\"><div class=\"block--related-news__image\"><\/div><div class=\"block--related-news__content\"><span class=\"block--related-news__heading\">Recommended<\/span><span class=\"block--related-news__title\"><\/span><\/div><\/a>\n\n\n\n<p>A related issue is the proportion of climate finance that is directed at helping developing countries adapt to climate change impacts. The Paris Agreement established the Global Goal on Adaptation (GGA) with the aim of \u201cenhancing adaptive capacity, strengthening resilience and reducing vulnerability to climate change\u201d, but <a href=\"https:\/\/www.climatechangenews.com\/2021\/08\/19\/developing-nations-push-define-unacceptably-vague-adaptation-goal\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">not much has happened<\/a> since then. This year\u2019s talks also need to make progress on helping vulnerable countries avert, minimise and address unavoidable loss and damage due to climate change.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Countries must also finalise the Paris rulebook, including rules under Article 6 for carbon trading and international cooperation. Sonam P Wangdi, chair of the Least Developed Countries Group, which represents 46 nations, has also emphasised the importance of <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/sonam-p-wangdi-least-developed-countries-cop26\/\">countries agreeing common timeframes<\/a> of five years for NDCs. The UK has also been <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/speeches\/paris-promised-glasgow-must-deliver\">pushing countries<\/a> to detail pathways to reach net zero by 2050, although some developing countries argue instead that developed countries <a href=\"https:\/\/www.climatechangenews.com\/2021\/10\/20\/emerging-economies-slam-cop26-net-zero-push-anti-equity\/\">should do more sooner<\/a> given their historical emissions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-happens-after-cop26\">What happens after COP26?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>It\u2019s unlikely that the talks will deliver fully on the packed agenda so there must be a path forward to deliver enhanced commitments and solve financing and adaptation, says Nick Mabey, chief executive of climate think tank E3G.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Countries must agree on an approach to finance for 2025 onwards, as this is when the current goal of US$100 billion a year will end. It\u2019s also important that countries continue to strengthen their NDCs to close the gap on the 1.5C goal. Sharma wants COP26 to set out \u201ca roadmap\u201d to do this ahead of 2030, given the critical importance of delivering large-scale emissions reductions before the end of the decade.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Countries are meeting for the biggest round of climate talks since the 2015 Paris Agreement<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":73659,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[761],"tags":[513,547,569],"country":[],"class_list":["post-73643","explainer","type-explainer","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate","tag-carbon-emissions","tag-fossil-fuels","tag-negotiations"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.0 (Yoast SEO v26.0) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>What is COP26? 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