{"id":50058140,"date":"2022-09-12T15:53:43","date_gmt":"2022-09-12T14:53:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/stage.dialogochino.net\/?p=58140"},"modified":"2024-04-12T11:43:54","modified_gmt":"2024-04-12T11:43:54","slug":"58140-opinion-meeting-us-inflation-reduction-acts-goals-means-rethinking-minerals","status":"publish","type":"opinion","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/business\/58140-opinion-meeting-us-inflation-reduction-acts-goals-means-rethinking-minerals\/","title":{"rendered":"Opinion: Meeting US Inflation Reduction Act\u2019s goals means rethinking minerals"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Last month, the United States Congress finally passed meaningful climate change legislation, after a surprise deal between Democrats resulted in the Inflation Reduction Act. Nearly <a href=\"https:\/\/www.crfb.org\/blogs\/whats-inflation-reduction-act\">US$370 billion<\/a> of spending has now been earmarked for clean energy, efficiency, electric vehicles (EVs), carbon removal, environmental justice and nature protection, as well as investments in healthcare, tax reforms and public deficit reductions.<\/p>\n<p>It is one of the biggest climate stories in recent years, and though the act is far from perfect, it constitutes a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2022\/08\/08\/opinion\/climate-inflation-bill.html\">historic shift for the USA<\/a>. It is also a lesson in communication: following <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/joe-manchins-senate-swipe-pushes-us-climate-action-into-a-dead-end\/\">earlier failures<\/a> in congress, its inflation-fighting rebrand has shown that climate change is not only about the environment, but also about jobs and reducing energy prices.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_53163\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-53163\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/uncategorised\/53160-the-risks-and-rewards-of-the-minerals-required-for-the-energy-transition\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-53163\" src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/lithium-Bolivia-minerals-energy-transition-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"salt pyramids in a salt flat\" width=\"300\" height=\"193\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-53163\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Read more: <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/uncategorised\/53160-the-risks-and-rewards-of-the-minerals-required-for-the-energy-transition\/\">The risks and rewards of the minerals required for the energy transition<\/a><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Alongside other economic and social goals, the act looks to drive a 40% reduction in US carbon emissions by 2030, compared to 2005 levels. Its success will therefore be underpinned by a secure supply of <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/extractive-industries\/53160-the-risks-and-rewards-of-the-minerals-required-for-the-energy-transition\/\">minerals required for the clean energy technologies<\/a> it promotes, such as solar panels, wind turbines and EVs.<\/p>\n<p>Given the current state of business in critical minerals such as copper, iron, lithium, aluminium and rare earths, as well as the prospect of further bottlenecks, the Inflation Reduction Act might fall short of achieving its goals. The tall task of implementing its policy package also becomes clear after considering geopolitical restrictions within the act, and mining\u2019s chequered track record in matters of environmental and social justice.<\/p>\n<p>These issues do, however, create opportunities to rethink how we approach minerals in our economy, to redefine how we manage them, and to discuss how policies can make increased mining unnecessary in the first place.<\/p>\n<h2>Mining is a double-edged sword<\/h2>\n<p>The uncomfortable fact is that low-carbon technologies are <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/the-role-of-critical-minerals-in-clean-energy-transitions\/executive-summary\">mineral intensive<\/a>, which puts pressure on the mining industry as the world looks to transition away from fossil fuels. An onshore wind turbine, for example, uses <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/the-role-of-critical-minerals-in-clean-energy-transitions\/executive-summary\">four times the weight<\/a> of minerals per megawatt of capacity than a coal power plant does \u2013 a trade-off for its clean, fossil-free production once in operation.<\/p>\n<p>The World Bank <a href=\"https:\/\/pubdocs.worldbank.org\/en\/961711588875536384\/Minerals-for-Climate-Action-The-Mineral-Intensity-of-the-Clean-Energy-Transition.pdf\">projects<\/a> that by 2050 the world\u2019s annual demand for minerals will triple, and could increase even more if climate targets become more ambitious. However, mining is a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2022-03-30\/despite-biden-battery-metal-push-mine-permits-still-take-years#xj4y7vzkg\">slow business<\/a>, with new mines in the US taking between seven and 10 years to get up and running. Industry representatives have themselves <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mining.com\/web\/building-more-mines-the-devil-is-in-the-details\/\">expressed uncertainty<\/a> over whether they will be able to meet demand. Therefore, relying on ramping up mineral production might not be enough.<\/p>\n<p>The Inflation Reduction Act not only adds to US demand for minerals, but is very clear at only allowing certain countries to provide them, once more illustrating how climate and geopolitics are <a href=\"https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/world\/2021-11-30\/geopolitics-energy-green-upheaval\">closely entangled<\/a>. In particular, the act\u2019s celebrated EV tax credits are <a href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2022\/08\/22\/1118052620\/tax-credit-electric-cars-vehicles-tesla-gm-inflation-reduction-act-climate\">only applicable<\/a> if a percentage of battery minerals are sourced or processed in the US or one of its free-trade-agreement partners, with thresholds also getting more stringent over time. This combination of trade and geopolitical considerations <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/usa-congress-inflation-mining-idAFL1N2ZM1RP\">excludes important reserves<\/a> from the tax credits, such as Indonesia\u2019s nickel and Argentina\u2019s lithium.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>We could be placing the fate of a clean and just energy transition in an industry that is neither clean nor just<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Applying lessons on resource security from dealings with Russia since it launched its war in Ukraine, the Inflation Reduction Act also excludes from the benefit any car whose critical battery minerals have been sourced, processed or recycled in a \u201cforeign-entity of concern\u201d, such as China \u2013 a country that houses <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/the-role-of-critical-minerals-in-clean-energy-transitions\/executive-summary\">nearly 60%<\/a> of the world\u2019s lithium processing capacity, and which recently <a href=\"https:\/\/www.politico.com\/news\/2022\/08\/05\/china-cancels-talks-pelosi-taiwan-00050041\">cancelled climate negotiations<\/a> with the USA following Nancy Pelosi\u2019s visit to Taiwan. This adds complexity to an EV industry that already sees securing mineral supply as one of its <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/business\/2022\/08\/03\/tax-credits-ev-manchin\/\">biggest obstacles<\/a> to expansion.<\/p>\n<p>Furthermore, for the act to truly promote a just transition amid environmental crisis, mining will have to <a href=\"https:\/\/earthworks.org\/blog\/harmful-mining-provisions-in-the-inflation-reduction-act\/\">reckon<\/a> with two of its main failings: pollution and local community conflicts. In the US alone, communities across the country are fighting to avoid being sacrificed in the name of the energy transition. Ch\u00edch\u02bcil Bi\u0142 Dagoteel, or Oak Flat, Arizona, is one such site of tension, with Native American communities <a href=\"https:\/\/www.azcentral.com\/story\/news\/local\/arizona\/2022\/02\/21\/opponents-resolution-copper-mine-converge-oak-flat-march\/6785503001\/\">opposing a copper mine<\/a>, a mineral whose demand is expected to at least triple by 2040, relative to 2020.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_53468\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-53468\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/extractive-industries\/53067-why-peru-las-bambas-copper-mine-conflict\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-53468\" src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Las-Bambas_Protest-Alamy_2HG30MM-1-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"people protesting with placards in their hands\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-53468\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Read more: <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/extractive-industries\/53067-why-peru-las-bambas-copper-mine-conflict\/\">Why is Peru\u2019s Las Bambas copper mine in constant conflict?<\/a><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>This same concern holds true globally, meaning that the US will not be able to simply export these environmental tensions beyond its borders. Chile, the world\u2019s largest exporter of copper, recently <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/markets\/commodities\/chiles-codelco-will-close-ventanas-smelter-union-source-2022-06-17\/\">announced<\/a> the shutdown of a publicly owned copper smelter, with new projects \u2013 such as Dominga, a proposed copper and iron mine near a biodiversity hotspot \u2013 facing fierce <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/americas\/chiles-top-court-puts-dominga-mining-project-decision-boric-admin-2022-05-18\/\">opposition<\/a>. Meanwhile, in Peru, the world\u2019s second largest copper exporter, operations at the massive Las Bambas mine have been <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/extractive-industries\/53067-why-peru-las-bambas-copper-mine-conflict\/\">beset by years of conflict and protest<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Arguably, mining is something of a necessary evil given the urgency of the climate crisis. However, promoting it while it is still a polluting and conflict-filled industry means that we would be placing the fate of a clean and just energy transition in an industry that is neither clean nor just. Moreover, even if substituting fossil fuels for mineral-intensive clean technologies means a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, stopping climate change demands carbon <em>neutrality<\/em>. Current industry practices, however, make mining a non-negligible contributor to carbon accounts, at around <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43247-022-00346-4\">8%<\/a> of global emissions, meaning that the mining industry not only needs to expand, but must decarbonise while doing so.<\/p>\n<h2>Solutions in circularity and efficiency<\/h2>\n<p>Reducing the reliance upon raw minerals and the need for new mines could go some way to reducing the tensions outlined above. This would release pressure from mining supply chains and lessen the burden of socio-environmental conflicts. What if demand for raw materials wasn\u2019t so high in the first place? This would reduce the problem even further. The circular economy and efficiency are two paradigms that can help achieve this.<\/p>\n<p>The first involves a shift from linear take-make-waste approaches, to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.accenture.com\/us-en\/insights\/natural-resources\/circularity-metals-mining\">circular economy ones<\/a>, where minerals are recycled and reused. This implies strengthening circularity rates at the end of life, and processing capacity, but more importantly, incorporating circular economy design principles when technologies are being created, making it easier for those minerals to be reintegrated into the economy. However, if the demand for minerals stays as high as projected, not even 100% recycling rates may be <a href=\"https:\/\/pubdocs.worldbank.org\/en\/961711588875536384\/Minerals-for-Climate-Action-The-Mineral-Intensity-of-the-Clean-Energy-Transition.pdf\">able to cover it<\/a>. So how about reducing demand?<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>An efficiency-first approach could diminish the need for energy in buildings, vehicles and industry, and lower mining supply-chain tensions<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Mineral demand could be much smaller if more consideration is put on the services these policies intend to provide. In the case of energy, <a href=\"https:\/\/rmi.org\/insight\/how-big-is-the-energy-efficiency-resource\/\">efficiency measures<\/a>, and an efficiency-first approach, could diminish the need for energy in buildings, vehicles and industry, drastically reducing \u2013 or even eliminating \u2013 the USA\u2019s reliance on fossil fuels, achieving the Paris Agreement\u2019s targets, and contributing to lowering mining supply-chain tensions described above.<\/p>\n<p>This also involves going beyond the most intuitive solutions, into creative policy-making that goes at the root of the issue. For example, the city of Cleveland chose to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2021\/06\/24\/1006225485\/for-the-climate-and-fairness-take-buses-and-sidewalks-before-electric-cars\">prioritise<\/a> public transport, and a more cyclable and walkable city, before making a push for EVs. This combats climate and equity issues at the same time. But astonishingly, despite their benefits, public transit, rail, biking and walkable cities are <a href=\"https:\/\/t4america.org\/2022\/08\/11\/inflation-reduction-act\/\">absent<\/a> from the Inflation Reduction Act.<\/p>\n<p>Hopefully, the act will be one of many examples of climate legislation in the US in the coming years. Future efforts should incorporate an efficiency-first, just transition and circular economy approach, making sure the cures for the climate crisis do not bring their own disease, and that no one is left behind. When it comes to minerals, we should start by asking if we truly need them in the first place, before rethinking where and how we are getting them from.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Demand for key minerals \u2013 many of them found in Latin America \u2013 may be a stumbling block for new US climate plans. The circular economy and \u2018efficiency first&#8217; could offer solutions<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":50058162,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[758],"tags":[17073,18133,566],"country":[50040700],"class_list":["post-50058140","opinion","type-opinion","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-business","tag-energy-transition","tag-lithium","tag-mining","country-united-states-of-america"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.0 (Yoast SEO v26.0) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Opinion: Meeting US Inflation Reduction Act\u2019s goals means rethinking minerals<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Demand for key minerals may be a stumbling block for Inflation Reduction Act. 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Circular economy and \u2018efficiency first' could offer solutions","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/business\/58140-opinion-meeting-us-inflation-reduction-acts-goals-means-rethinking-minerals\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/business\/58140-opinion-meeting-us-inflation-reduction-acts-goals-means-rethinking-minerals\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en","@id":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/business\/58140-opinion-meeting-us-inflation-reduction-acts-goals-means-rethinking-minerals\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Joe-Biden-electric-vehicle-factory_Alamy_2H6T2W6-scaled.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Joe-Biden-electric-vehicle-factory_Alamy_2H6T2W6-scaled.jpg","width":2000,"height":1333,"caption":"2H6T2W6 Detroit, Michigan, USA. 17th Nov, 2021. President JOE BIDEN delivered remarks on the bipartisan infrastructure law and the future of electric vehicles at the grand opening of the General Motors Factory ZERO in Detroit, Michigan on November 17, 2021. 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