{"id":60069057,"date":"2025-02-06T09:07:32","date_gmt":"2025-02-06T09:07:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/?post_type=opinion&#038;p=60069057"},"modified":"2025-02-06T09:09:19","modified_gmt":"2025-02-06T09:09:19","slug":"how-chinas-listed-firms-can-accelerate-emission-disclosures","status":"publish","type":"opinion","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/business\/how-chinas-listed-firms-can-accelerate-emission-disclosures\/","title":{"rendered":"How China\u2019s listed firms can accelerate emission disclosures"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>We recently published a review of how China\u2019s major firms are disclosing greenhouse gas emissions. Here we summarise our findings and offer recommendations to companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We found that nearly 80% of major firms are not yet disclosing any scope 3 emissions, meaning&nbsp;indirect emissions along their value chain. Our advice for them includes reporting such emissions as well as the calculation methodology and data sources they use. They should set emissions targets alongside clear action plans for achieving them. And they should work with companies across their supply chain to ensure it becomes zero-carbon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-a-pressing-issue\">A pressing issue<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In the first nine months of 2024, the global average surface air temperature was <a href=\"https:\/\/wmo.int\/news\/media-centre\/2024-track-be-hottest-year-record-warming-temporarily-hits-15degc\">1.54C<\/a> above the pre-industrial level. The goal of the Paris Agreement is to keep the long-term average below 1.5C. Current national policies worldwide could see a rise of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unep.org\/resources\/emissions-gap-report-2024\">3.1C<\/a> by the end of the century.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As listed firms may account for over <a href=\"https:\/\/www.generationim.com\/our-thinking\/insights\/listed-company-emissions\/\">40%<\/a> of global greenhouse gas emissions, their decarbonisation is a key part of climate governance. Emissions in the value chains of those firms \u2013 known as scope 3 emissions \u2013 have become an obstacle to goal-setting and disclosures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cd-accordion block--accordion\"><span class=\"block--accordion__title\">What are scope 1, 2 and 3 emissions?<\/span><div class=\"block--accordion__content\"><div class=\"block--accordion__content__inner\">\n<p><em>Scope 1<\/em> refers to an organisation\u2019s direct emissions from its operations. For example, when a palm oil company burns fossil fuel, clears a forest to plant oil palms, or the effluent from one of its mills leaks methane.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Scope 2<\/em> covers indirect emissions from an organisation\u2019s energy use, such as from a power plant that supplies a palm oil company\u2019s mill with heating and electricity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Scope 3<\/em> means indirect emissions that occur along the value chain of an organisation and are not owned or controlled by it. A palm oil company\u2019s would include the manufacturing and transport of fertilisers it uses, and the international shipping of its products. Scope 3 usually represents the largest share of an organisation\u2019s emissions.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Efforts by Chinese firms in this regard are only just starting to get attention. Less than a quarter of the 667 major Chinese companies that we sampled in our recent <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ccei.info\/newsinfo\/984357.html\">review<\/a> disclosed any scope 3 emissions in 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-from-in-house-operations-to-the-value-chain\">From in-house operations to the value chain<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>At Carbon Mind, we selected all 667 companies from the CSI 300 Index, H shares, and the Hang Seng Composite LargeCap Index (HSLI), representing the largest and most influential listed companies in China. Our research found that 84% of those firms were disclosing scope 1 and 2 emissions, yet only 22% were revealing scope 3 emissions. Firms on the HSLI were doing better than average, with a disclosure rate of 51%, compared to 21% on the CSI 300 Index. This is due in part to differences in the sustainability disclosure rules across the exchanges.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Globally, 47% of listed companies disclosed at least some upstream scope 3 emissions in the first eight months of 2024, accompanied by 28% for downstream, according to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.msci-institute.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/2024-November-MSCI-Net-Zero-Tracker-21Nov.pdf\">research<\/a> by Morgan Stanley Capital International. So, China\u2019s listed firms are lagging badly on climate disclosure and need to work hard to catch up.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<a class=\"wp-block-cd-related-news alignright block--related-news loading\" data-post-id=\"60042680\"><div class=\"block--related-news__image\"><\/div><div class=\"block--related-news__content\"><span class=\"block--related-news__heading\">Recommended<\/span><span class=\"block--related-news__title\"><\/span><\/div><\/a>\n\n\n\n<p>In 2023, the International Sustainability Standards Board issued its first International Financial Reporting Standards, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ifrs.org\/issued-standards\/ifrs-sustainability-standards-navigator\/ifrs-s1-general-requirements\/\">IFRS S1<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ifrs.org\/issued-standards\/ifrs-sustainability-standards-navigator\/ifrs-s2-climate-related-disclosures\/\">IFRS S2<\/a>. These made clear that firms must disclose sustainability-related risks and opportunities, and related information. This includes reporting on corporate emissions, such as scope 3. That provided firms around the world with a clear framework, putting carbon accounting and reporting on a more standardised footing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For Chinese firms, 2024 saw a shift from voluntary to mandatory sustainability disclosures: in April, the three major stock exchanges \u2013 Shanghai, Shenzhen and Beijing \u2013 published <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/zh\/3\/60042937\/\">guidance on sustainability reporting<\/a>, encouraging firms to make scope 3 disclosures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>At the same time, the Hong Kong Stock Exchange toughened up its mandatory requirements, setting out a staged implementation of the ISSB rules, meaning scope 3 disclosures would become required for all HSLI firms from 2026. Then, on 10 December, the Hong Kong government <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fstb.gov.hk\/fsb\/en\/publication\/report\/docs\/FSTB_Roadmap2024_eBooklet_EN.pdf\">published<\/a> its Roadmap on Sustainability Disclosure, requiring publicly accountable entities \u2013 defined as listed companies and some financial institutions \u2013 to adopt ISSB standards. By 2028, all large, listed companies, and non-listed financial institutions with significant operations in Hong Kong, must be fully implementing ISSB standards.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-from-accounting-to-disclosure-to-setting-goals\">From accounting to disclosure to setting goals<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Companies are starting to work on making scope 3 disclosures, but many challenges lie ahead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>According to our sample, about 80% of China\u2019s major listed firms are not yet making scope 3 disclosures. That figure may have been even lower if our research had included listed companies of all sizes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Of those making scope 3 disclosures, many are still doing so selectively; disclosing only the emissions that are easier to calculate, such as those arising from their employees\u2019 commutes or business travel. Other factors, with greater impact on the company\u2019s carbon footprint, are missed out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For example, purchased products and services are a major source of scope 3 emissions for most firms. But only 7% of the firms we looked at disclosed this data. Such data can be calculated by the \u201csupplier-specific\u201d method, which means collecting data from the suppliers. But it can be hard to obtain the data this way. Companies often prefer to use \u201cspend-based\u201d or \u201caverage-data\u201d methods, which rely on industry-average \u201cemission factors\u201d. There are concerns about the accuracy of these two methods.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cd-accordion block--accordion\"><span class=\"block--accordion__title\">What are spend-based and average-data methods? And emission factors?<\/span><div class=\"block--accordion__content\"><div class=\"block--accordion__content__inner\">\n<p>The spend-based method estimates emissions for purchased goods and services by collecting data on their economic value and multiplying it by relevant emission factors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>While the average-data method estimates emissions for purchased goods and services by collecting data on their weight, or other relevant units, and multiplying it by relevant emission factors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>An emission factor characterises the emissions potential of a polluting activity. It is expressed as the weight of an emitted gas divided by the unit weight, volume, distance or duration of the polluting activity that caused it. For example, kilograms of methane per tonne of coal burned.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Moreover, of the 102 financial institutions we looked at, less than 7% disclosed emissions from their investment and financing portfolios.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A more serious challenge is a failure to disclose accounting methodologies. Most firms do not say which methodology they apply, or the emission factors or data sources used. That means a serious lack of reliability and comparability. If firms use different definitions, methodologies and sources, comparing data across companies becomes harder. There is also a lack of transparency when methodologies are adjusted, making it hard to track trends across time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<a class=\"wp-block-cd-related-news alignright block--related-news loading\" data-post-id=\"60067792\"><div class=\"block--related-news__image\"><\/div><div class=\"block--related-news__content\"><span class=\"block--related-news__heading\">Recommended<\/span><span class=\"block--related-news__title\"><\/span><\/div><\/a>\n\n\n\n<p>Even when disclosures are made, there is more work to do. The real challenge is setting tough goals and taking effective action to cut emissions and achieve long-term climate targets. We found that less than 5% of firms have set targets for scope 3 emissions. Only 3% set that target at net zero. There is much work to be done on accounting, disclosure and then target-setting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-building-a-net-zero-value-chain\">Building a net-zero value chain<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Firms that have taken the lead on scope 3 reporting often turn out to be more competitive. Transparency and disclosures remove barriers to financing, reduce operational risks, improve corporate reputations and send positive signals to stakeholders. To avoid future regulatory risks and improve competitiveness on the global market, Chinese firms should recognise the importance of scope 3 disclosures and get to work as soon as possible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Based on the findings of our review, we make the following recommendations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>First, they should adopt common international and domestic accounting standards, such as the Greenhouse Gas Protocol, to ensure data is accurate, transparent and comparable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Second, once disclosures are made, companies should identity and prioritise those sources of emissions that have the biggest impact and the greatest potential for change. This requires firms not just to focus on numbers going up and down. They need to explain if they are using a spend-based, average-data or supplier-specific method. They need to explain where emission factors are coming from, and which emissions sources are not yet covered and why. There should also be a gradual improvement in scope 3 calculations. For example, shifting from spend-based methods to physical data and supplier data for major emissions sources.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>More importantly, companies should set emission targets and make those concrete, with practical and achievable timetables. They should be benchmarked against firms that lead on emissions disclosures. Clear medium- and long-term targets and action plans should be established, with progress regularly tracked and disclosed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Finally, companies cannot cut their scope 3 emissions alone. Cooperation is necessary to build stronger zero-carbon value chains. Companies need to actively work with all parts of their supply chain, promoting and empowering suppliers to calculate their emissions, to boost accuracy of the company\u2019s own scope 3 data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When emissions hotspots are identified anywhere along the value chain, companies should share knowledge and cooperate on innovation with stakeholders to tackle those. This will promote the development and application of new green technology and solutions, accelerating the low-carbon transition of the entire system.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Two experts call on companies to calculate and report \u2018scope 3\u2019 emissions along their value chain as soon as possible<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":60069785,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[758,761],"tags":[513,20000325,50029817],"country":[20000110],"class_list":["post-60069057","opinion","type-opinion","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-business","category-climate","tag-carbon-emissions","tag-industry","tag-supply-chains","country-china"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.0 (Yoast SEO v26.0) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>How China\u2019s listed firms can accelerate emission disclosures<\/title>\n<meta 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