{"id":20078783,"date":"2021-09-14T12:30:00","date_gmt":"2021-09-14T07:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thethirdpole.net\/?post_type=photo_story&p=78783"},"modified":"2023-04-12T20:01:53","modified_gmt":"2023-04-12T14:31:53","slug":"stilt-houses-assam-help-people-withstand-floods","status":"publish","type":"photo_story","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/stilt-houses-assam-help-people-withstand-floods\/","title":{"rendered":"Stilt houses help people withstand floods in Assam"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Ratan Pathuri watches floodwater swirl below his veranda. The swollen Dhansiri River has inundated Pathuri\u2019s village, Nikori, in the district of Golaghat in Assam; necessitated the relocation of his livestock; and driven many people into relief shelters on higher ground in August, during The Third Pole’s<\/a> visit. \u201cThis happens every year when the Dhansiri swells up with the rains,\u201d 31-year-old Pathuri says. \u201cAt least this year we\u2019re home and dry.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Every year, floods occur in the basin of the Brahmaputra and its tributaries, such as the Dhansiri. Originating in the neighbouring state of Nagaland, the Dhansiri flows 352 kilometres before joining the Brahmaputra<\/a> on its south bank. On its way, it passes low-lying areas like Golaghat, spilling over its banks during the monsoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Raw<\/div>
Raw material such as bamboo is transported by river. With its tropical monsoon climate, Assam experiences heavy rainfall and is flooded almost every year. (Image \u00a9 SEEDS)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Dangerous housing<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Pathuri says that in recent years the floods have become more frequent and intense than ever before. Interspersed between larger and more destructive floods like the one in 2017<\/a> \u2013 considered the worst in 28 years \u2013 residents of Assam face multiple smaller deluges every year. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the resulting problems is sustained waterlogging. This is partly caused by the building of embankments<\/a> that cannot prevent the swollen river from submerging the land. Instead, they prevent the floodwaters from receding back into the river. Traditional houses, built on stilts to withstand moderate flooding, are not designed to deal with this, and end up collapsing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The construction of embankments and the replacement of fields with increasingly concretised settlements has created the perfect recipe for disaster<\/blockquote>Manu Gupta, Sustainable Environment and Ecological Development Society<\/cite><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Assam is prone to floods, cyclones and earthquakes. During these disasters, loss of life and damage to property happen largely due to houses collapsing, according to architects associated with the Sustainable Environment and Ecological Development Society (SEEDS), a humanitarian non-profit organisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Multiple factors contribute to this: the flouting of land-use permits, leading to construction in vulnerable areas such as riverbeds; a lack of early warning systems<\/a>; and poor disaster preparedness, such as embankments. The natural disaster is only part of the problem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Flooded<\/div>
People row a boat past partially submerged huts in Morigaon district, Assam, during the 2017 floods (Image: Alamy)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe estimate that the country loses 1% of its housing stock to disasters every year,\u201d says Anshu Sharma, co-founder of SEEDS. The Indian NGO has been working on disaster management and mitigation in the Indian subcontinent since 1994. Assam has been one of its focus areas since the 2017 flood.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cAcross India, we\u2019ve observed people are building homes where they didn\u2019t earlier. They are eschewing vernacular architecture for more \u2018modern\u2019 concrete houses,\u201d Manu Gupta, co-founder of SEEDS, adds. \u201cIn Assam, the construction of embankments and the replacement of fields, which have a higher water-holding capacity, with increasingly concretised settlements has created the perfect recipe for disaster.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What is vernacular architecture?<\/span>
\n

Vernacular architecture is a type of construction characterised by its use of local materials, resources and traditions. It tends to meet needs and use methods that are specific to particular areas.<\/p><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The situation may deteriorate further. A study<\/a> published in November 2020 suggests that scientists\u2019 predictions of destructive floods in the Brahmaputra basin might be off the mark by 24-38%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe analysed tree rings of centuries-old trees in the upper Brahmaputra basin to estimate rainfall patterns,\u201d says Mukund P Rao, the study\u2019s principal researcher and a postdoctoral research scientist at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University. \u201cOur research indicates that we\u2019re in for an intensified monsoon through the 21st century.\u201d Rao said that this, along with glacial melt accelerated by warming, will lead to greater flood hazard in the region than presently expected.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coping with climate change, one stilt house at a time in Assam<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

While communities in the region can do little about the larger issues, they can take steps to deal with some things they have control over<\/a> \u2013 like the houses they live in. Indigenous communities such as the Mising have traditionally lived in low-lying areas, and their houses have been adapted to deal with floods. Known as chang ghar<\/em>, these are simple huts elevated on bamboo stilts with mud foundations \u2013 temporary structures that last about five years. More frequent flooding in parts of Assam has shortened how the length of time the houses last.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pathuri, a local builder who works with bamboo, used to live in one such hut. \u201cThe frequent flooding exposed its mud foundations and caused its stilts to rot,\u201d he says. \u201cIn the 2017 flood, like others in my neighbourhood, water came inside the hut and I had to relocate my family to a relief shelter by boat.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chang ghar 2.0 <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWhen we assessed the flood damage in 2017, we found that within a single district, some areas were flooding more than others,\u201d says Sharma. Starting in September 2017, after the monsoon and flood, SEEDS worked with local builders to develop an improved chang ghar <\/em>design that could be adapted to the terrain. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe studied flood-level patterns of the construction site and elevated our chang ghar <\/em>at least three feet above that,\u201d Sharma explains.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Stilt<\/div>
Homeowners can decorate and expand the core house area as required (Image \u00a9 SEEDS \/ Siddharth Behl)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

With funds from Godrej Group, the Indian multinational conglomerate, and a local field partner, SEEDS trained local builders like Ratan Pathuri to construct 80 of these houses within the next year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The houses rest on rubberised bamboo columns set in a concrete base. A flexible joinery system allows homeowners to raise the floor higher if necessary, while cross-bracing bamboo supports make the structure capable of withstanding movement caused by floods and earthquakes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The buildings occupy a core area of about 23 square meters and follow the Sphere Handbook<\/a>, a set of universal minimum standards in humanitarian responses. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIt has a toilet, unlike our old hut,\u201d says Ratan Pathuri. \u201cThis makes life much easier during floods.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\n
\"Stilt<\/div>
Local craftsmen use bamboo extensively in the construction of stilt houses in Assam (Image \u00a9SEEDS)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n
\"Bamboo<\/div>
Community members participate in the making and installation of bamboo mat wall panels (Image \u00a9 SEEDS)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Constructed with sturdy, locally available species of bamboo, each house costs about USD 760 to build with community participation. This is about 20% more than a traditional chang ghar<\/em>. It takes about seven days to construct the main frame of the house.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Umananda Pathuri, who also lost his home in the 2017 flood, moved into his chang ghar<\/em> 2.0 around the same time as Ratan Pathuri. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cMy wife, four-year-old and I live with my parents,\u201d he says. \u201cThe new house has space for all of us.\u201d In dry weather, they use the area under the hut to store looms, livestock and boats. In wet weather, the building\u2019s elevation has so far ensured that the home remains dry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\n
\"New<\/div>
Deeper bamboo footings, stilt columns waterproofed with rubberised coating, cross-bracings and use of indigenous tying techniques make the houses resistant to floods and earthquakes (Image \u00a9 SEEDS \/ Siddharth Behl)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n
\"A<\/div>
The higher space beneath the house allows residents to carry out activities such as weaving or rearing livestock and storing produce (Image \u00a9 SEEDS \/ Siddharth Behl)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Umananda says that in the past three years, around 10 other villagers have adopted the new design independently, having seen how much more flood-resilient it is. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

A more replicable stilt house design<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Although SEEDS\u2019 chang ghars<\/em> 2.0 have withstood over seven floods since they were constructed, they are classified by the government as kutcha<\/em><\/a>, or temporary. This classification is based on whether \u201cThe walls and\/or roof\u2026 are made of material\u2026 such as un-burnt bricks, bamboos, mud, grass, reeds, thatch, loosely packed stones.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kutcha <\/em>houses have a lower social cachet than \u2019modern\u2019 concrete houses. There is another challenge: since kutcha <\/em>houses are deemed temporary homes, they cannot be easily used as collateral for bank loans.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In response, SEEDS and its donor partner PricewaterhouseCoopers India Foundation is building a model community relief shelter in Nikori village (in Golaghat district in Assam) with a further tweak. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cAs this is a larger structure meant for the community, we\u2019ve used the same bamboo superstructure design as before, but replaced bamboo stilts with reinforced concrete columns to give the building greater stability and load-bearing strength,\u201d says Gupta. The new design has amenities like piped water and is replicable in other flood-prone geographies. \u201cThe concrete foundation and stilts can support a variety of superstructures in inexpensive local materials and traditional design aesthetic,\u201d adds Gupta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Inside<\/div>
The bamboo walls are not plastered, allowing natural ventilation in Assam\u2019s humid climate (Image \u00a9 SEEDS \/ Siddharth Behl)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

As climate change<\/a> causes more extreme precipitation events, impacting some of the poorest<\/a> geographies on the planet, inexpensive stilt houses offer a solution to make low-lying communities more resilient to its impacts. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, in Nikori, Umananda\u2019s toddler plays in the veranda as the floodwaters recede. \u201cThis house is good,\u201d he says. \u201cI\u2019m happy now.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"A<\/div>
A newly designed stilt house withstands flooding in Nikori village, Golaghat district, Assam (Image \u00a9 SEEDS)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

An NGO has modified traditional designs to create houses that have resisted seven floods<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":20078784,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[761],"tags":[],"country":[20000111],"class_list":["post-20078783","photo_story","type-photo_story","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate","country-india"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nIn photos: Stilt houses in Assam help people withstand floods<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"As floods become more frequent in Assam, an NGO has modified traditional designs to create houses that have resisted seven floods\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/stilt-houses-assam-help-people-withstand-floods\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" 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