{"id":20089866,"date":"2022-05-18T12:30:00","date_gmt":"2022-05-18T07:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thethirdpole.net\/?post_type=photo_story&p=89866"},"modified":"2022-06-08T21:39:19","modified_gmt":"2022-06-08T16:09:19","slug":"low-mekong-waters-make-life-hard-for-fishers-in-cambodias-smaller-lakes","status":"publish","type":"photo_story","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/food\/low-mekong-waters-make-life-hard-for-fishers-in-cambodias-smaller-lakes\/","title":{"rendered":"Low Mekong waters make life hard around Cambodia\u2019s smaller lakes"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

For more than 15 years, Chhoeun Hoeum has been plying the waters of Veal Samnab lake. In recent years, his catch \u2013 and income \u2013 has grown smaller, falling alongside the water levels of the lake system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Locals say that the lake, which is just across the Mekong River from Phnom Penh, was once filled with water even in the dry season, providing fish for locals and even a route for ferries that could transport hundreds of people. Veal Samnab has long been known as one of Cambodia\u2019s largest lakes, covering more than 1,000 hectares<\/a>.

\u201c[Now] there are less and less fish,\u201d Hoeum laments, dragging an empty net out of the shallow water of a stream that feeds into Veal Samnab. \u201cBefore we could fish all year long. We could get fish from the time the water was going up to the time the water went down\u2026 But now [it\u2019s February] and the water has already dried up.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"man<\/div>
Chhoeun Hoeum has been fishing in Veal Samnab for more than 15 years. But as the lake dries up, there are less and less fish for him to catch, and he says he will soon have to find alternative ways to make a living. (Image: Socheata Hean<\/a> \/ The Third Pole)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

When reporters for The Third Pole visited the lake earlier this year, large portions of it were completely dry. The exposed lakebed was firm enough to walk on, and villagers had divided it up to grow lotus and rice. Some had even fenced off their plots in a bid to assert ownership.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The jostling for land where Veal Samnab\u2019s waters once were is a stark example of broader changes happening along the Mekong.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ream of factors, such as overfishing<\/a>, climate change<\/a>, upstream dams and intensive regional development<\/a> have long affected this region.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The worsening health of the Mekong ecosystem will affect the welfare of the roughly 70 million people<\/a> who live along the river\u2019s banks. The impacts of environmental changes are felt most visibly by local communities such as those around Veal Samnab, and others who make their living in the countless lakes, ponds and wetlands on the vast floodplain of the Mekong.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The \u2018recipe\u2019 for life in the Mekong wetlands<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

As Veal Samnab dries, Hoeum\u2019s local waters are becoming more barren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cBefore, I could get 400 to 500 kilograms [of fish] per night,\u201d Hoeum says, adding that those good nights were still possible as recently as 2019. \u201cBut now I only get about 50 kilos per night, and these are small fish for fish food.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Though fishers can cast their nets during both the night and day, Hoeum said certain species of fish are more easily caught at night, when he believes they\u2019re drawn to the moonlight.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He and other locals who spoke with The Third Pole said that Veal Samnab is shrinking with each passing year. The Mekong is gradually failing to replenish the lake, compounded recently by a drought<\/a> in the Mekong catchment area between 2019 and 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As fish become scarce and water levels fail to reach their historic depths, some villagers along Veal Samnab have stopped tending aquatic lotus in the lakebed in favour of hardier rice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Flowering<\/div>
As Veal Samnab shrinks, locals are dividing the lakebed up to grow lotus and rice while developers eye the area for construction \u200b\u200b(Image: Socheata Hean<\/a> \/ The Third Pole)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Elsewhere in the Phnom Penh metro area, local developers increasingly eye<\/a> such shrinking waterways for construction. Bit by bit, people are filling in ponds, lakes and wetlands in a trend of mass-scale reclamation transforming the floodplain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Last year, Veal Samnab was included as part of a larger reclassification of land to make it eligible for private ownership. A developer promptly asked the government if it could purchase the lake to drain it<\/a> and build a residential and commercial project instead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For now, state ministers have rejected such plans, saying they\u2019d prefer to restore the lake to serve as a natural reservoir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It remains to be seen what will become of those efforts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Speaking broadly, Marc Goichot, the Asia Pacific freshwater lead at the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), says the increasing reclamation of the floodplain marks a profound change for Cambodia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cFrom a socioeconomic perspective, Cambodia is a floodplain civilisation \u2013 the Khmer are people who lived on the natural levees and based their agriculture on the flooding,\u201d Goichot says. \u201cIf you destroy the floodplains, you\u2019re killing the golden hen that historically has fed the people.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Goichot says the Mekong\u2019s flood cycle plays a key role in replenishing groundwater in the soil along the plain. He explains that moisture supports other bodies of water, such as Veal Samnab, while the percolation of water through the earth contributes to regional aquifers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIn the dry season, when it’s not raining, there\u2019s still water in the river \u2013 that\u2019s the water that the soil is giving back, so if you effectively recharge the soil with flooding, that will affect the hydrology,\u201d Goichot says. When that \u201crecharge\u201d doesn\u2019t come, he adds, the land becomes parched. \u201cIt\u2019s a key explanation of why the dry seasons are getting drier,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"houses<\/div>
Cambodia is a floodplain civilisation \u2013 both its fisheries and its agriculture rely on the annual flooding of the Mekong, which brings both water and nutrients. Just like Veal Samnab, the Veal Sbov lake next to the Tonle Sap River needs this annual recharge, but has suffered from lower flood levels in recent years due to drought and a ream of other factors, including upstream dams. (Image: Socheata Hean<\/a> \/ The Third Pole)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Brian Eyler, the Southeast Asia programme director for the Stimson Center, a US-based think tank, describes the sheer productivity of the wider Mekong floodplain as being dependent on \u201can annual recipe\u201d of water, fish and plenty of organic material.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cBasically, the floods take the bushes and leaves and all this stuff that was sitting on the riverbank during the dry season, and bring it off into the floodplain. That mix comes together to create an explosion of fisheries, of life,\u201d Eyler says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But none of that is guaranteed, he adds, and the changes along the Mekong basin have directly impacted the basic ingredients of the \u201crecipe\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf you take one of those components out, the explosion of life isn\u2019t going to happen. Unfortunately, in the last few years, each of those components has been reduced or removed.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Visible shift at Veal Samnab<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Back along the shores of Veal Samnab, local people keep recipes of their own. Many here have traditionally made their living from the cottage industry of smoking fish filets to sell in the capital and elsewhere across Cambodia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Meas Sineth, 32, is among those who make a living from smoking fish. She tells The Third Pole that she has witnessed several key changes to the lake. When she was younger, Sineth recalls, the lake was consistently large enough that travellers needed a ferry to cross it, rather than just make their way along its edge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThere\u2019s no more ferry, as it\u2019s very dried up now,\u201d she says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, the loss of the local ferry pales in comparison with the reduced fishing industry. \u201cWhen there\u2019s a lot of water, there\u2019s a lot of fish. They were spreading and breeding everywhere,\u201d Sineth muses. \u201cNow there\u2019s no fish left to catch, so [we] buy all the fish from other people [elsewhere].\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\n
\"\"\/<\/div>
Khuot Kimhong lives near Veal Samnab and supports her family by selling smoked fish (Image: Socheata Hean<\/a> \/ The Third Pole)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n
\"person<\/div>
She still buys fish locally, but with catches now too erratic to rely on, she has to travel to the Tonle Sap lake for a more reliable supply (Image: Socheata Hean<\/a> \/ The Third Pole)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Khuot Kimhong, 52, has been smoking fish since she was 20 years old. Today, she and her father keep up the business to sustain themselves and Kimhong\u2019s three children.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Previously she was able to buy fish locally from other villagers in her community, but since 2019 that supply has been too erratic. She still buys local fish, but not enough to keep her business alive. Now, she has to travel west to the province of Kampong Chhnang to resupply \u2013 a six-hour round trip.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNow, people buy fish from the Tonle Sap,\u201d she says, referring to the largest lake in Southeast Asia. \u201cThey don\u2019t get that many fish [here].\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Tonle Sap, which reaches a surface area as great as 12,000 square kilometres<\/a> when inundated during the rainy season, is a key fishery of the kingdom. Itself an extension of the Mekong fed by the Tonle Sap River, the lake depends on the seasonal flooding of the mainstream to replenish itself each year. Much as in the smaller Veal Samnab, where the so-called \u201cpulse\u201d of water grows weaker every year, so too does the vitality of the big lake\u2019s fisheries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\n
\"One<\/div>
Catches are down even on the Tonle Sap River, which feeds the seasonally flooded lake of the same name that Cambodia relies on as its main fishery (Image: Socheata Hean<\/a> \/ The Third Pole)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n
\"\"\/<\/div>
Fishers here use long nets \u2013 called \u201cdai\u201d \u2013 attached to stationary boats to trawl for their catch. As the annual floods that replenish the Tonle Sap lake grow weaker, so too does the vitality of the fishery. (Image: Socheata Hean<\/a> \/ The Third Pole)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Although its decline continues<\/a> to be fuelled by outside factors, Tonle Sap is recognised by the state as a key resource worthy of protection. But for the many other lakes, ponds and wetlands of local significance dependent on Mekong flooding, there seems to be little else to do but watch them dwindle away.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Looking at his own future, the fisherman Hoeum sees a limited career for himself on the water.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cAfter I put my stuff away, I\u2019ll have to look for odd jobs,\u201d he says, adding that his uncle has already quit fishing to raise cows instead. \u201cIt has become harder and harder to get fish. Some have [already] left the job to be construction workers.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

While Tonle Sap is recognised as a resource worthy of protection, countless other lakes, ponds and wetlands also depend on Mekong flooding but are dwindling away unnoticed<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":20089876,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[763],"tags":[545,20000155],"country":[],"class_list":["post-20089866","photo_story","type-photo_story","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-food","tag-fisheries","tag-mekong"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nLow Mekong waters make life hard around Cambodia\u2019s smaller lakes<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"While Tonle Sap is recognised as a resource worthy of protection, countless other lakes and wetlands also depend on Mekong flooding but are dwindling away\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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