{"id":20093664,"date":"2022-07-01T12:30:00","date_gmt":"2022-07-01T07:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thethirdpole.net\/?post_type=photo_story&p=93664"},"modified":"2022-07-13T10:42:07","modified_gmt":"2022-07-13T05:12:07","slug":"plastic-greenhouse-boom-blights-vietnam-vegetable-basket","status":"publish","type":"photo_story","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/pollution\/plastic-greenhouse-boom-blights-vietnam-vegetable-basket\/","title":{"rendered":"Plastic from greenhouse boom blights Vietnam\u2019s vegetable basket"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Cam Ly landfill was, until it was shut down in 2020, the primary dumping ground for the city of Dalat. Five kilometres from central Dalat in the Central Highlands region, the landfill was the final destination for the majority of plastic used in agriculture in the hilltop locale. But in August 2019, heavy rain prompted an outpouring of trash<\/a>, sending plastic sheeting from greenhouses and untreated agrichemical bags and bottles rushing downhill. The incident covered lowland farms in thousands of tonnes of waste.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dalat is the capital of Lam Dong province. The municipality is known for its temperate climate, rolling hills, pine trees and agriculture. Over the past two decades, plastic greenhouses have enveloped much of the landscape within the city and surrounding areas. These greenhouses have increased agricultural production and raised farmers\u2019 income. However, they are also contributing to rising temperatures<\/a>, floods, pollution of waterways and the build-up of agri-plastic waste, with no formal system for recycling.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"greenhouses<\/div>
Greenhouses cover approximately 2,425 hectares<\/a> within Dalat\u2019s city limits \u2013 equivalent to more than 4,500 football pitches (Image: Thinh Doan<\/a>)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n
\n
\"greenhouses<\/div>
In the city\u2019s Ward 12, greenhouses cover 83.7% of farmland. In wards 5, 7 and 8, they occupy more than 60%. (Image: Thinh Doan<\/a>)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n
\"empty<\/div>
Discarded agricultural plastics in Dalat\u2019s Ward 5, where greenhouses\u00a0 cover more than 60% of agricultural land (Image: Thinh Doan<\/a>)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Plastic shield against a volatile climate<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

While greenhouses are expensive, they are a \u201cmark of achievement\u201d for many farmers, often lead to higher yields, and act as a \u201csafety net against climate change\u201d, says Nguy\u1ec5n Ch\u00e2u B\u1ea3o, co-founder of Act Now, a Dalat-based environmental non-profit. With increasingly unpredictable<\/a> weather patterns in the region, greenhouses allow farmers to control the environment and shield crops from harsh conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plastic sheeting allows non-native plants, like tomatoes, to be grown all year, protected from heavy rains, humidity, hail and frosts. Heavy downpours can cause roots to become waterlogged, split tomatoes\u2019 skin, and lead to bacterial infections in the plant. For this reason, the majority of tomatoes are grown inside greenhouses in Dalat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"lit<\/div>
After dark, bulbs light up greenhouses in Dalat to prompt overnight growth (Image: Govi Snell)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Hi\u1ec1n, a farmer in Dalat, says he relies on plastic sheeting to ensure a stable growing environment for his crop of flowers. He rents the land where he has a small greenhouse for six-month periods, so it is vital his crops come to harvest reliably within this time. From Hi\u1ec1n’s roadside flower farm, greenhouses can be seen in every direction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\n
\"smiling<\/div>
Hi\u1ec1n says that without a greenhouse rain would damage the buds of the flowers he grows. Once these flowers have bloomed, they will be packaged in plastic and sold to Hanoi and South Korea. (Image: Thinh Doan<\/a>)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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\"people<\/div>
Workers cut and package flowers for sale inside a large greenhouse in Dalat (Image: Thinh Doan<\/a>)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Ecological toll of plastic greenhouses<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Despite the benefits for farmers, greenhouses have a heavy ecological impact on the region. V\u00f5 Xu\u00e2n H\u1ea1o Khuy\u00ean, who was born in Dalat in 1995, used to be able to see wide swaths of pines from her home. The green space has since disappeared.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRight now it is just the white colour because all you see is the greenhouses,\u201d she tells The Third Pole. The problems caused by rapid greenhouse development are easy to see, Khuy\u00ean adds, listing temperature increases, light pollution and floods.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Temperatures in Dalat increased by between 1 and 1.5 degrees<\/a> Celsius between 2008 and 2018, and the rise is expected to continue, according to statements from V\u0169 Ng\u1ecdc Long, former director of the Ho Chi Minh City-based Southern Institute of Ecology, in a local news report. While urban development has played a role in the temperature rise, Long said that the immediate area surrounding a greenhouse is 3 to 5 degrees<\/a> hotter than areas in similar climates without plastic-covered structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\n
\"houses<\/div>
The area immediately surrounding greenhouses can be several degrees warmer than areas in similar climates without plastic-covered structures (Image: Thinh Doan<\/a>)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n
\"plastic<\/div>
Plastic greenhouses prevent rain from being evenly absorbed into the earth (Image: Thinh Doan<\/a>)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

While rising temperatures are a concern, floods have already had a severe impact on the region and are now a regular occurrence during the rainy season from May to October.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When raindrops hit the greenhouse, they cannot be absorbed by the soil below. Instead, says Khuy\u00ean (who has studied the sustainability problems created by greenhouses), the runoff from the tightly packed greenhouses creates streams that combine after heavy rain, flooding the city\u2019s drainage system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe are a mountain city. We aren\u2019t supposed to have floods, but at the end of the day we have floods, very heavy floods that even killed people,\u201d Khuy\u00ean says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"greenhouses<\/div>
Experts cited concrete paving, deforestation and the glut of greenhouses as primary causes of Lam Dong\u2019s floods in a 2019 report<\/a> on environmental disasters in Vietnam (Image: Thinh Doan<\/a>)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In August 2019, the damage from the severe floods that hit Dalat and surrounding areas extended beyond swamping the land with trash from the landfill. More than 12,000 homes<\/a> were flooded, 10,000 hectares of crops were damaged and 11 people died. In 2020, 44 people<\/a> were forced to evacuate a Dalat hotel when the structure became at risk of collapsing during a downpour. That same year, a runner died after being washed away by a flash flood during the Dalat Ultra Trail marathon.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Districts downstream of Dalat along the Cam Ly River which flows through the city are also impacted by the greenhouse-amplified<\/a> flooding. During last year\u2019s rainy season, areas of Dalat and Duc Trong District, approximately an hour\u2019s drive from the capital city, flooded<\/a> within 12 hours of heavy rain as the water level rose. Farmland was inundated, households were forced to relocate and sections of a national highway were submerged.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cFloods never used to appear in Dalat,\u201d says Ph\u1ea1m Tr\u1ecdng Phu, who grew up in Lam Dong province and now works for SNV Netherlands Development Organisation, a non-profit with a base in Dalat. \u201cMany disasters have followed with the development of greenhouses.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

An alternative way to farm?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Les Vergers du Mekong (LVDM) Pilot Organic Farm is located down a steep, dirt road in Dalat\u2019s Ward 3. With funding from LVDM as well as the GIZ (German development agency), the team of six running the farm can try eco-friendly methods without direct impacts on their livelihoods. Fruit is grown to be juiced and bottled for sale, and the only plastic sheeting to be found is a small covering that protects seedlings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"woman<\/div>
LVDM Organic Pilot Farm is experimenting with growing beefsteak tomatoes outdoors, but this year the crop failed after heavy rain hit the area in mid-March. \u201cThe rain came two months early\u2026 That\u2019s climate change,\u201d says Leonie Ha, the farm\u2019s project manager. (Image: Thinh Doan<\/a>)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n
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\"tomato<\/div>
Staff at LVDM are leaving the tomatoes to fully ripen before gathering the organic, fungus-resistant seeds for reuse. \u201cWe are allowed to fail,\u201d Ha says. \u201c[Most] farmers cannot do this kind of thing.\u201d (Image: Thinh Doan<\/a>)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n
\"woman<\/div>
Tr\u1ea7n Th\u1ecb M\u1ef9 Ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng, a farmer who works at LVDM, waters beetroot seedlings. \u201cThe number of people doing [eco] farming like this is increasing slightly but the reality is that greenhouses [are growing] significantly faster,\u201d she says. (Image: Thinh Doan<\/a>)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Although many farmers in the region have taken up greenhouse farming because of its stable yields, others believe the environmental toll of the plastic coverings outweighs the benefits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Nhi is the farm manager at R\u1eebng Th\u00f4ng M\u01a1 Farm & Bistro, a winding 25-minute drive from central Dalat through pines with sections occupied by greenhouses. During the dry season from November to April, Nhi says, heat is trapped inside the greenhouses, causing temperatures in surrounding areas to increase. Additionally, the moist atmosphere inside greenhouses is conducive for worms which eat the vegetables, causing farmers to rely heavily on pesticides.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

R\u1eebng Th\u00f4ng M\u01a1 has no plastic greenhouses. Instead, herbs and green leafy vegetables are grown using intercropping methods, and rice husks are burnt to deter pests. The farm produces little to no plastic waste, avoiding the harmful impact<\/a> agri-plastics can have on soil health<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
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\"people<\/div>
At R\u1eebng Th\u00f4ng M\u01a1, food scraps are composted in these large plastic barrels for three months to be used as fertiliser. \u201cI am pro natural farming because it\u2019s not just good for the plants, it\u2019s not just good for nature, but also for the people, for the farmer\u2019s health,\u201d says farm manager Nguy\u1ec5n Nhi (right). (Image: Thinh Doan<\/a>)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n
\"lettuce<\/div>
Lettuce is grown without plastic at R\u1eebng Th\u00f4ng M\u01a1 (Image: Thinh Doan<\/a>)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\"man<\/div>
Nguy\u1ec5n Duy, co-owner of R\u1eebng Th\u00f4ng M\u01a1, picks herbs at the farm (Image: Thinh Doan<\/a>)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOf course I want people to use fewer greenhouses but it\u2019s hard because it comes with efficiency. You can make more money,\u201d Nhi says. \u201cIt is hard to ask them to go back to the natural way of farming. I expect the number of greenhouses to double.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plastic waste is not recycled<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Over time, due to use and UV exposure, plastic degrades and needs to be replaced. The majority of the plastic sheeting used for greenhouses in Dalat is burned or buried once it is no longer usable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1ed3ng Qu\u00e2n, who grew up in Dalat and is now director at the Institute for Circular Economy Development, a research unit within Vietnam National University in Ho Chi Minh City, tells The Third Pole that currently no \u201cholistic or systematic solution\u201d is available to recycle agri-plastics in Lam Dong province. The majority of agri-plastics end up in landfills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI think this is quite a big issue now. We see a lot of plastic waste from greenhouses,\u201d Qu\u00e2n says, adding that the difficulty of managing plastic sheeting is compounded by farmers being dependent on greenhouses for their livelihoods.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"plastic<\/div>
Plastic sheeting used in agriculture gradually degrades and has to be replaced (Image: Govi Snell)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n
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\"pile<\/div>
Styrofoam seedling trays pile up at the side of the road in Dalat. Most agri-plastics used in the region are not recycled. (Image: Govi Snell)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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\"disintegrating<\/div>
Plastic disintegrates next to a greenhouse in Dalat (Image: Govi Snell)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Vietnam has no formal system for recycling plastic materials, despite a new environmental protection law<\/a> that took effect in January. The mandate \u2013 which comes without funding \u2013 makes the country\u2019s local governments responsible for sorting and recycling waste.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Miquel Angel sits on Vietnam\u2019s Tourism Advisory Board and surveyed some landfills this April. He has not seen improvements in waste management and says trash is still being buried, burned or allowed to leak into the country\u2019s waterways.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThis is a lot of talk,\u201d he says of the new regulation. \u201cNobody is taking any action.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGreenhouses are like single-use plastic, they should be banned,\u201d says Paul Olivier, who has lived in Dalat for 16 years and supports farmers with transforming waste into feed, fuel and fertiliser. Olivier tells The Third Pole he sees plastic sheeting, styrofoam, and bottles and bags for chemical pesticides and fertilisers in Lam Dong\u2019s streams, lakes and rivers, where fish often float lifeless at the surface.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Informal waste collectors are the driving force behind the management of Vietnam\u2019s plastic waste, approximately 27%<\/a> of which is recycled. Waste pickers gather plastic bottles, cardboard and a variety of other discarded materials to sell at a local v\u1ef1a ph\u1ebf li\u1ec7u <\/em>\u2013 a scrap collection centre where recyclables can be bought and sold.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\n
\"people<\/div>
Lan, the owner of a v\u1ef1a ph\u1ebf li\u1ec7u<\/em> in Dalat, tells The Third Pole she rarely buys plastic sheeting and has no set price for greenhouse covers (Image: Thinh Doan<\/a>)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n
\"people<\/div>
At another informal recycling hub near a high density of greenhouses, used plastic sheets sell for a meagre 10,000 Vietnamese dong (USD 0.43) per kilogram (Image: Govi Snell)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Action for change on plastic greenhouses<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Although not yet approved, Lam Dong province\u2019s Department of Agriculture and Rural Development has put forward a scheme for the management of greenhouse farming with specific goals set for 2025 and a vision for 2030. The document acknowledges that the province currently has no regulations on the management and construction of greenhouses, and that local authorities do not have effective solutions to lessen the environmental impacts of greenhouses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government wishes to control the proportion of greenhouse area in agricultural land to below 40% in all of Dalat\u2019s 12 wards. All greenhouses illegally built on forest land, ecologically sensitive areas, and historic, scenic and culturally significant land will be cleared away by 2025. By 2030, the government also wants to upgrade substandard greenhouses, manage greenhouse construction, and build new modern greenhouses in the province.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\n
\"two<\/div>
Nguy\u1ec5n Thanh Th\u1ea3o Nhi (left) and Nguy\u1ec5n Ch\u00e2u B\u1ea3o (right) are co-founders of Act Now, an environmental non-profit in Dalat. \u201cAgriculture is one of the biggest factors that contributes to environmental degradation here,\u201d says B\u1ea3o. \u201cGreenhouses create a lot of problems.\u201d (Image: Thinh Doan<\/a>)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n
\"group<\/div>
At trash cleanups, members of Act Now chant, \u201cDalat is our home, not a landfill\u201d (Image: Courtesy of Act Now)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI really want to look at the positive side,\u201d says B\u1ea3o of Act Now. \u201cIt has to be a community change, a very big systemic change if you want to see a reduction in plastic waste or agricultural waste. I think it is the biggest problem we need to solve.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This story is a collaboration between The Third Pole and the China Environment Forum\u2019s Turning the Tide on Plastic Waste in Asia initiative. It is also available on the Wilson Center\u2019s New Security Beat blog<\/a>.<\/em><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A boom in plastic greenhouses in the Central Highlands city of Dalat may protect farmers from the impacts of erratic weather, but their environmental toll is building in the agriculture-heavy region<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":20093944,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","categories":[760],"tags":[578],"country":[20028207],"class_list":["post-20093664","photo_story","type-photo_story","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-pollution","tag-plastics","country-vietnam"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nPlastic greenhouse boom blights Vietnam's vegetable basket<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A huge rise in plastic greenhouses may protect farmers from the impacts of erratic weather, but their environmental toll is building\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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