{"id":20109088,"date":"2023-01-10T12:30:00","date_gmt":"2023-01-10T07:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thethirdpole.net\/?post_type=photo_story&p=109088"},"modified":"2023-01-09T21:49:40","modified_gmt":"2023-01-09T16:19:40","slug":"crackdowns-and-ecological-collapse-drive-fishers-from-tonle-sap-lake","status":"publish","type":"photo_story","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/uncategorized\/crackdowns-and-ecological-collapse-drive-fishers-from-tonle-sap-lake\/","title":{"rendered":"Crackdowns and ecological collapse drive fishers from Tonle Sap Lake"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Like her parents and grandparents, Thi Bay has made a living from fishing on Cambodia\u2019s Tonle Sap Lake her whole life. But the combination of a collapsing ecosystem and ever-changing management is forcing the 70-year-old to leave fishing behind.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Instead, Thi Bay now spends several days a week collecting snails on the outskirts of her village, Chong Kneas, one of several houseboat communities along the banks of Southeast Asia\u2019s largest freshwater lake. She mostly sells the snails to locals, who like to buy directly from fishers to ensure the freshest produce. This barely supports her and her granddaughter, Thi Bay says as she plucks another snail from her trap.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI prefer to fish. Nobody buys snails every day,\u201d she says. But in the face of an ongoing crackdown on illegal fishing on the lake \u2013 and constantly changing rules around what is allowed, and where \u2013 she doesn\u2019t dare go fishing. \u201cWe are in trouble if we do anything illegal. But even if I am not guilty, I don\u2019t want to risk it.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\n
\"Fisher<\/div>
<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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\"Collecting<\/div>
<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
After a lifetime of fishing, Thi Bay has transitioned to collecting snails, following a sudden policy change on Tonle Sap Lake. \u201cI have not been on the lake for many days. But when I am, I just collect the snails,\u201d she says. (Image: Anton L. Delgado)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The rules and regulations around fishing on Tonle Sap \u2013 the seasonal flooding<\/a> of which is often referred to as the \u2018beating heart of the Mekong\u2019 \u2013 have swung on a political pendulum over the past decade. Many of these changes have coincided with Cambodia\u2019s election cycles at the national and commune level.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the run-up to a 2012 election, Cambodia\u2019s Prime Minister Hun Sen dissolved a century-old privatised fishing model<\/a> in a populist bid that opened the lake to all.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But 10 years later, with millions of dollars being invested in revamping Cambodia\u2019s fisheries sector, Hun Sen announced a crackdown on illegal fishing on Tonle Sap, lurching the lake back towards more restrictive management. Officially, the crackdown was only meant to affect those practising illegal methods, like electrofishing. But the gusto with which these orders have been enforced has scared off many other fishers, like Thi Bay, while fines and equipment confiscations have left residents of the lake\u2019s floating villages struggling to find new livelihoods.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Let the people be the owner\u2019<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Fishing lots have existed on Tonle Sap in various forms since at least the 1880s<\/a>. The general premise of a lot is simple: only the lot owner can fish within that designated area during a specific season.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/div>
The walls of Bayon Temple in Cambodia\u2019s Angkor Archeological Park are adorned with depictions of fish and other aquatic life (Image: Anton L. Delgado)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n
\n
\"Boatman<\/div>
<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n
\"Kampong<\/div>
<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
Boatman Meas Sareth paddles through the heart of Kampong Phluk, a floating village on Cambodia\u2019s Tonle Sap Lake (Image: Anton L. Delgado)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In the more modern system, which was re-established in the late 1980s following the end of Cambodia\u2019s conflict, lot ownership and licences were auctioned to the highest bidder for thousands of dollars. A 2007 study<\/a> found that this system often deepened inequalities between lot owners and other fishers, causing water-related conflicts. But this highly exclusive system limited the number of fishers active on the lake and safeguarded spawning areas, thereby limiting pressure on the lake\u2019s natural resources.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the floating village of Kampong Khleang, not far from where Thi Bay was collecting snails, Chhong Pov sells his daily catch for less than 3,000 Cambodian riels, barely USD 0.70. Having fished on Tonle Sap for nearly 50 years, Pov has witnessed half a century of back-and-forth management on the lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWhen there was a lot system, I could earn more because people protected the lot,\u201d says Pov. \u201cEven if the lot owner decided to take the fish out, there was still fish left because the remaining fish spawned inside the lot and swam out. There could be boatloads of fish.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\n
\"Fishing<\/div>
<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n
\"Fishing<\/div>
<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
With his daily income in hand and a few fish for his family below deck, Chhong Pov ends another day\u2019s fishing on Tonle Sap Lake. Pov has fished through nearly 50 years of back-and-forth management on Cambodia\u2019s great lake. (Image: Anton L. Delgado)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n\n\n\n

This was until 2012, when Prime Minister Hun Sen abolished Tonle Sap\u2019s last fishing lots \u2013 which at the time covered nearly 600 square kilometres. Several lots had been dissolved prior to this final order.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cLot owners may be angry at me but I do not care about those who benefit. What matters to me is the Cambodian people receive the benefit,\u201d said Hun Sen at the time<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to a 2015 study<\/a> on the fallout of this move, former lot owners said that \u201cthe government had manipulated access to resources to pacify the fishermen in exchange for votes\u201d. A report<\/a> by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature a year later found that in the aftermath of the lots being dissolved, \u201cno steps were taken to prepare or reinforce communities or governments in order to avoid a \u2018tragedy of the commons\u2019 whereby inequitable but well managed fishing lots were replaced by a free for all\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The pressure created by this open access added to a number of severe threats already facing Tonle Sap\u2019s fisheries, including the impacts of hydropower development and climate change.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"A<\/div>
A morning\u2019s fish catch is unloaded onto the shores of Kampong Khleang, one of the floating villages on Cambodia\u2019s Tonle Sap Lake (Image: Anton L. Delgado)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

A record-breaking drought in the Lower Mekong River Basin between 2019 and 2021 showcased the devastating effects of these compounding factors. The Mekong River\u2019s water flow hit record lows<\/a> in this period, badly affecting fisheries in the river and Tonle Sap. Cambodia\u2019s Fisheries Administration recorded drops in fish production across the country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Wet<\/div>
So Phann, who buys fish directly from Tonle Sap Lake fishers to sell in wet markets in Siem Reap City, says she has witnessed steady declines in both fish abundance and size over the past five to 10 years (Images: Anton L. Delgado)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Experts attributed<\/a> the cause of the drought to hydroelectric dams upstream withholding water<\/a>, as well as low and erratic rainfall during the wet season. A 2021 report<\/a> from the Mekong River Commission noted that \u201cclimate change and the El Nino event are likely to have contributed to the delayed and reduced monsoon rain\u201d in 2021. The drought followed a historic wildfire season<\/a> in 2018 that scorched hundreds of thousands of acres of the lake\u2019s flooded forests.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Crackdowns drive tensions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In March 2022, Hun Sen ordered a crackdown on illegal fishing<\/a> and logging on and near Tonle Sap, leading to regulatory changes around fishing locations and the type of equipment allowed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Long Senhout, an official with the Ministry of Environment stationed near Kampong Khleang, says that funding for local law enforcement was also increased, and more consistent patrolling was approved.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"An<\/div>
\u201cMeasures have become stricter and there have been more joint-force activities to crack down on illegal activities,\u201d says Long Senhout, an official with the Ministry of Environment, on the impacts of Hun Sen\u2019s March 2022 order (Image: Anton L. Delgado)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n
\"Officers<\/div>
Officers from Cambodia\u2019s Military Police and Fisheries Administration return to their station in Kampong Phluk after a patrol, where they arrested three individuals for collecting clams in a restricted area (Image: Anton L. Delgado)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The eager enforcement of this new order has strained relationships with local communities, Senhout says. \u201cIt is hard for them because they got used to the larger lot system, then they got used to not having it, and now they are getting used to new rules. People are not really happy.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Fisherman_Tonle<\/div>
\u201cThere would absolutely be more fish if the Fisheries Administration revived the lot system,\u201d says Chhong Pov. \u201cBut now we cannot catch fish because there are no fish.\u201d (Image: Anton L. Delgado)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe rules keep changing and the fish keep getting smaller, but what choice is there?\u201d says Chhong Pov, who unlike Thi Bay, sees no alternative to fishing. \u201cI am a fisherman, I must fish.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Residents of floating villages along the shores of Tonle Sap, like Chhong Pov, say the crackdown has left fishers operating both legally and illegally terrified of fines and arrests. But with few options for alternative livelihoods around the villages, Pov says he chooses food over fear.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Efforts to revive the Tonle Sap fisheries<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"A<\/div>
A lone fishing boat makes its way back to land as a storm cloud darkens the sky above Cambodia\u2019s Tonle Sap Lake (Image: Anton L. Delgado)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In March 2022, Wonders of the Mekong, a research project funded by the US Agency for International Development, released nearly 1,600 fish<\/a> \u2013 all threatened species \u2013 into Tonle Sap, in an attempt to bolster wild populations. They are planning to release 5,000 more any day now.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe know this fishery is under pressure. We know that regulations have changed in the last 10 years to really open up this area to a lot more fishermen than may have previously been in the system,\u201d says Elizabeth Everest, a researcher with the organisation. \u201cI don\u2019t know when the particular year is when things will be at a point of no return. But in the research community, there is a lot of concern for the area.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"largest<\/div>
<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n
\n
\"largest<\/div>
<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n
\"largest<\/div>
<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
Wonders of the Mekong conducted its largest fish release so far on Tonle Sap Lake in March 2022 (Image: Anton L. Delgado)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Hoy Sreynov, an officer in the Cambodian Fisheries Administration\u2019s Department of Aquaculture Development, manages the ponds where threatened fish are raised for release. She says this process increases the chances for endangered species in the wild, and helps safeguard Tonle Sap\u2019s key role in seasonal fish migration up and down stream.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018I gave up and changed my occupation\u2019<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Across the lake from Chhong Pov and Thi Bay, in the floating village of Kampong Luong, Chum Sreynga is tending to her floating garden.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cMy occupation was fishing, but fishing is not good,\u201d says Sreynga. \u201cThe lake is almost completely empty. So, I gave up and changed my occupation [to growing vegetables],\u201d Sreynga says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\n
\"Floating<\/div>
<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n
\"Floating<\/div>
<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
Chum Sreynga owns and operates the largest floating garden in Kampong Luong, a floating village on the southern side of Cambodia\u2019s Tonle Sap Lake. She switched from fishing after yields fell. (Image: Anton L. Delgado)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Chum\u2019s is one of 12 former fishing families who are experimenting with floating gardens in Kampong Luong, with the support of the charity Voluntary Services Overseas and CAPFISH<\/a>, a multi-million-dollar European Union initiative attempting to revamp Cambodia\u2019s fisheries sector and aid those attempting to find sustainable alternative livelihoods to fishing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Floating<\/div>
Kim Rai owns and operates one of the 12 floating gardens in Kampong Luong (Image: Anton L. Delgado)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The search for alternative livelihoods is only becoming more desperate as Tonle Sap\u2019s ecosytem buckles under the pressures of human activity and politics, perhaps spelling an end to a way of life on Cambodia\u2019s great lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI decided to grow vegetables because I wanted to have something to eat,\u201d Sreynga says. \u201cThe fish are declining but I have a business that can sustain my living so I don\u2019t care now. I had to move on.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Additional reporting by Sophanna Lay<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This story was produced in collaboration with the <\/em>Southeast Asia Globe<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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