{"id":50374197,"date":"2023-07-18T10:24:14","date_gmt":"2023-07-18T09:24:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dialogochino.net\/?p=374197"},"modified":"2024-04-12T13:28:50","modified_gmt":"2024-04-12T13:28:50","slug":"374197-green-hydrogen-plant-in-uruguay-faces-challenge-over-water-use","status":"publish","type":"photo_story","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/water\/374197-green-hydrogen-plant-in-uruguay-faces-challenge-over-water-use\/","title":{"rendered":"Green hydrogen plant in Uruguay faces challenge over water use"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

The way of life in Tambores tends to be fairly modest. Many here in this small town in northern Uruguay long for a more prosperous past, when the railway, now disused, used to connect with the wider country. As it looks to the future, the town is now anxious to defend its most valuable asset: water.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Today, the town\u2019s 1,500 inhabitants are awaiting news on the progress of a project to produce green hydrogen<\/a>, often dubbed the \u201cfuel of the future\u201d, made using renewable energy. The plant will use this hydrogen to generate 70,000 tonnes of another fuel, methanol, each year, potentially tripling the town\u2019s current water consumption, and bringing change to this rural area. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Green hydrogen\u2019s presence in Uruguay is expanding fast, with the government aiming to generate 2% of its GDP<\/a> from the industry by 2040. Last year, an official hydrogen roadmap<\/a> was launched, with the Tambor project one of its starting ventures. According to Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9 Gonz\u00e1lez, coordinator of the green hydrogen programme of the Ministry of Industry, Energy and Mining (MIEM), the strategy could help green hydrogen to generate as much income for Uruguay as its well-established beef industry<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"cattle<\/div>
Tambores\u2019 surrounding area is almost entirely rural, used for cattle farming and other agriculture. Local officials recently recategorised the land on which the green hydrogen plant is to be sited from \u201cproductive rural\u201d to \u201cindustrial suburban\u201d, paving the way for its development. (Image: Ramiro Barreiro \/ Di\u00e1logo Chino)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe aim is to have a hydrogen production of close to 1 million tonnes per year by 2040, and an increase in the generation of renewable energy for this hydrogen production,\u201d explains Gonz\u00e1lez. She adds that, in this first phase to 2030, the emphasis will be on pilot tests and the production of derivatives such as methanol and other synthetic fuels for heavy domestic transport, and even fertilisers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Between these and other investments, Uruguay expects to have an annual turnover of US$2.1 billion from green hydrogen by 2040. In addition, the new industry could generate more than 35,000 direct skilled jobs, according to government officials<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But amid this excitement, there are also concerns among some of the population, including many in Tambores, over the possible impacts of this nascent industry. Gonz\u00e1lez says the country has the capacity to ensure this growth is smooth, asserting that \u201cUruguay has quite strong environmental regulations. In addition to water permits and environmental permits, we are going to generate new regulations,\u201d while acknowledging that \u201cthe concerns of the neighbouring residents are completely genuine\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The project<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Here in Tambores, located on the border of the departments of Paysand\u00fa and Tacuaremb\u00f3, people have regularly heard promises of employment and transformation, without the use of fossil fuels, emissions or pollution. But if this change is to involve green hydrogen, this will require use of the town\u2019s water, from underground formations known as aquifers. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hydrogen gas can be obtained through a process known as electrolysis, in which water (H20) is separated into hydrogen and oxygen using electricity \u2013 in the case of \u201cgreen\u201d hydrogen, derived from renewable sources such as solar and wind power. The hydrogen obtained can be combined with carbon dioxide to obtain methanol, which itself can be used as a fuel, or as a raw material in the chemical industry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"row<\/div>
Wind turbines along National Route 5, one of Uruguay\u2019s most important highways, which passes near Tambores. The planned green hydrogen plant will rely on wind and solar power to supply its processes. (Image: Ramiro Barreiro \/ Di\u00e1logo Chino)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Unlike in the capital city Montevideo \u2013 currently experiencing an historic water crisis<\/a> \u2013 in Tambores, tap water is still flowing as normal, filling cups and gourds of mate <\/em>tea. There is enough for cooking and bathing, for watering the plants, for pets to drink. The water in Tambores is fresh and crystal clear \u2013 and a resource that the locals want to preserve.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Tambor project is set to be carried out by Belasay SA \u2013 a group created by the German company Enertrag and the Uruguayan SEG Ingenier\u00eda \u2013 and according to its 2021 preliminary report<\/a>, will harness \u201cthe capacity of solar irradiation and wind resources\u201d of the region. It claimed that the area around Tambores \u201chas abundant water resources, particularly groundwater from the Guaran\u00ed aquifer, capable of supplying the hydrogen plant without affecting other uses of the resource.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three boreholes have already been drilled \u2013 with permission granted by the National Water Directorate (Dinagua) in November 2022 \u2013 to measure the water pressure at the 100-hectare site, to be leased for the next 30 years. The hydrogeological and geophysical study commissioned by SEG Ingenier\u00eda, seen by Di\u00e1logo Chino, states that \u201cit is possible to achieve the necessary flow rates to carry out the project\u201d. The project, according to company estimates, could require six such boreholes and would consume the same amount of water as population centres in Uruguay with between 2,250 and 8,400 inhabitants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"truck<\/div>
In November 2022, three boreholes were drilled to measure the water pressure on the land rented by Belasay SA near Tambores. The company says the green hydrogen plant would require between 500 and 700 cubic metres of water per day, which would be obtained from underground sources. (Image: Miguel \u00c1ngel Olivera Prieto)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Also in November, members of the Tacuaremb\u00f3 departmental government voted in favour of recategorising the land on which the project is to be sited from \u201cproductive rural\u201d to \u201cindustrial suburban\u201d. With this legal change, the land is no longer exclusively for agricultural or forestry production and is now eligible for industrial activities, although surrounding farms remain exclusively rural.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Tambor project will include the installation of wind and photovoltaic plants, as well as an electrolyser, to produce an estimated 13,000 tonnes of green hydrogen, or 70,000 tonnes of methanol, per year, according to the preliminary report<\/a>. It is planned for the majority of this production to be exported.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This production, the report continues, would require between 500 and 700 cubic metres of water per day, which would be obtained from underground sources. In particular, the Arapey and Guaran\u00ed natural aquifers \u2013 the latter of which is shared by Uruguay with Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina, and is one of the largest known aquifers on the planet.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cAquifers are rock units that contain water and are interconnected through fractures. The fractures cause the water from rainfall to collect inside, through which the aquifers are recharged, following what we call the water cycle,\u201d explains Graciela Pi\u00f1eiro, a biologist from the University of the Republic who specialises in geosciences. \u201cExtracting water from one aquifer can affect the amount of water available in other connected aquifers,\u201d Pi\u00f1eiro adds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"low<\/div>
The Jaboner\u00eda stream, which runs through Tambores and the villages of Valle Eden and Piedra Sola. Specialists fear that the hydrogen plant will disrupt the natural water cycle of the region. (Image: Ramiro Barreiro \/ Di\u00e1logo Chino)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The specialist, who has raised concerns over these potential problems with the authorities, says that the use of groundwater for a fuel generation project is unprecedented worldwide, and may compromise the availability and replenishment of the water system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pi\u00f1eiro also warns that \u201cthe extraction of water from aquifers can cause land displacement due to the instability of the system\u201d and that when water molecules are broken down to obtain hydrogen, the water cycle is broken.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to Gonz\u00e1lez, the MIEM\u2019s green hydrogen coordinator, \u201cthis statement is not correct\u201d. While it is true that the water molecule is broken down, after this, she adds, \u201cwhether it is used in an electric car or as a fuel, water is generated again and goes back into the atmosphere\u201d, referring to the water vapour that is a by-product of hydrogen\u2019s use in fuel cells.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doubts and rejection<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Since May, the south of Uruguay, home to 60% of the population, has been experiencing one of the worst water crises in the country\u2019s history, caused by the drying up of the Paso Severino dam, the main supply of water to Montevideo, and the departments of Canelones and San Jos\u00e9.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

To alleviate the situation, the state water company OSE has taken the extreme measure of mixing freshwater with saltwater from the R\u00edo de la Plata, more than doubling the sodium content per litre of water recommended by the World Health Organisation (WHO). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 13 July, a group of United Nations experts released a statement<\/a> that described this decline in water quality as \u201calarming\u201d, and condemned that government recommendations to reduce household water consumption do not also apply to large-scale consumers and industries. Businesses and the state, they said, have a responsibility to respect a human right to water: \u201cUruguay must put human consumption at the forefront\u2026 failure to prioritise its use is unacceptable.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"woman<\/div>
Graciela Colman, owner of the only local petrol station, says that the people have not been fully informed about the details of the hydrogen plant and fear that it could impact the Guaran\u00ed aquifer. (Image: Ramiro Barreiro \/ Di\u00e1logo Chino)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Watching from afar, Tambores residents have questions over the future quality of their water supply, should the green hydrogen plant reach operation. \u201cWe are not fully informed about what they are going to treat, nor what the process will be like,\u201d says Graciela Colman, who owns a shop in the nearby village of Piedra Sola. \u201cFrom what little we know, they would be touching the Guaran\u00ed aquifer. They tell us that the area is going to grow and that it will generate employment during the construction of the project, but what will happen afterwards?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The residents of Tambores, along with Piedra Sola and nearby Valle Eden, found out about the project almost by chance, through a small advertisement published in a local newspaper. It called for a neighbourhood meeting in which Belasay would explain the scope of the Tambor project. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe people of Tambores knew nothing about it \u2013 that is to say, they [the company] gambled that as few people as possible would attend,\u201d says Miguel \u00c1ngel Olivera Prieto, a journalist, teacher and artist who has lived in the town for three years. \u201cWell, what we did was to start spreading the word immediately, and in a town of 1,500 people, we gathered almost 400.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Miguel<\/div>
Miguel \u00c1ngel Olivera Prieto, in his art studio at home in Tambores, recalls how the residents started to mobilise when they first heard about the project in the local newspaper (Image: Ramiro Barreiro \/ Di\u00e1logo Chino) \u00a0<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

At that meeting, held in May 2022, the company told residents of their proposals to turn the place \u201cinto a national and regional icon of clean energy production\u201d, promising that 1,900 people would be directly employed during its construction, that another 2,000 would benefit indirectly, and that, once operational, the production would employ more than 500 people.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

That night, many residents voiced their opposition to the project, including declarations that \u201cthe water is not to be touched\u201d. In February of this year, a group of 43 residents filed a case<\/a> with the country\u2019s supreme court, describing Tacuaremb\u00f3 department\u2019s decision on land use to allow the installation of the plant to be unconstitutional.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the last year, Belasay has hired staff to survey opinions in the town and contacted local entrepreneurs for future corporate social responsibility projects, while local ranchers \u2013 potential landlords \u2013 have promoted the project on their own properties and at talks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"concrete<\/div>
A property in the village of Piedra Sola that has been bought by Belasay SA, the company that will carry out the Tambor project (Image: Ramiro Barreiro \/ Di\u00e1logo Chino)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In response to a request for comment on the possible impacts of the Tambor green hydrogen plant, Di\u00e1logo Chino was told that \u201cEnertrag only invests in and develops sustainable projects.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company spokesperson added: \u201cThe project is currently in the pre-feasibility stage, which means that preliminary studies are being carried out to assess its technical, economic and environmental feasibility. As part of this process, some studies and surveys are being carried out that will form part of the environmental impact study.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Disinformation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Since last year, the Tambores secondary school has been discussing the green hydrogen plant project with its students, with the aim of informing them and building their own opinion as citizens.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They have made mock-ups of what they think the plant will look like, and conducted surveys among the community around the school, focusing on a range of subjects and different approaches to the project\u2019s technical, economic, social and environmental issues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The risk of disinformation is the most repeated concern among the responses of some 80 adults, relatives or neighbours of the children, according to Pablo Posada, the school\u2019s director.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The main attraction of the initiative, according to respondents, is employment opportunities that would help young people to remain in the area, while the cultural and social changes it could generate are seen as the key negative aspect. Environmental issues are also a concern, not so much among older respondents but among the students themselves. Some older students expressed fear that the whole aquifer could be destroyed or that the Pozo Hondo \u2013 a spectacular rocky pool fed by a waterfall and which the locals bathe in during the summer \u2013 could dry up.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\n
\"rocky<\/div>
Some students of the Tambores secondary school fear that Pozo Hondo, a nearby pool and waterfall used by locals in summer, could dry up (Image: Ramiro Barreiro \/ Di\u00e1logo Chino)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n
\"woman<\/div>
Ana Mar\u00eda Barbosa, a researcher at the University of the Republic and a Tambores resident, has warned about the social impacts that the Tambor project could bring (Image: Ramiro Barreiro \/ Di\u00e1logo Chino)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIt is an extractive project, an enclave [whose benefits] will not spill over into the territory and that will leave nothing for Tambores or Uruguay,\u201d says Ana Mar\u00eda Barbosa, a researcher at the University of the Republic who has spent much of her life in the town, like her family before her. \u201cNobody talks about the social impacts it could have,\u201d claims the 61-year-old.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d3scar N\u00fa\u00f1ez, a gaucho with Indigenous heritage who works for the Tambores municipality, also feels that the benefits of the new plant would not be for him or his neighbours.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe are a rural village. We don\u2019t have engineers, biologists, physicists or chemists for that kind of production. And it might take a long time to produce qualified professionals here in the village. So there won\u2019t be any work in that area,\u201d he says. N\u00fa\u00f1ez says water is not as plentiful as it used to be, and claims that the Tambor project could cause major problems: \u201cIt will be a significant exploitation of groundwater. We are going to lose that water.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Gaucho<\/div>
\u00d3scar N\u00fa\u00f1ez, a gaucho from Tambores, doubts whether the green hydrogen plant will bring work to the area, saying that there are currently not enough qualified professionals to build or run the facility (Image: Ramiro Barreiro \/ Di\u00e1logo Chino)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The February case filed with the supreme court was also directed against Belasay, alleging that the project violates article 47 of the constitution, among other concerns.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This article links the element of water with the most fundamental right to life, calls for \u201csolidarity with future generations\u201d, enshrines \u201cthe principle of putting social reasons before economic ones\u201d and decrees that \u201csurface and underground waters belong to the public domain of the state and are subordinate to the public interest\u201d. Communities claim that permitting a private company to exploit these reserves contradicts this principle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The residents\u2019 lawyer, Grey Espinosa, expects news by the end of the year from the supreme court. He believes that the fact that the court didn\u2019t dismiss taking on the case \u2013 something it was entitled to do \u2013 is a good sign.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Belasay, the lawyer says \u201chas already responded to the court. They consider that there is no effect on the water resource, which is the reason of the claim.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the south of Uruguay suffers from a lack of water, the north fears for its future abundance, and awaits more news on a project that could have some bearing on it.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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