{"id":60072292,"date":"2025-03-06T16:12:15","date_gmt":"2025-03-06T16:12:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/?post_type=photo_story&p=60072292"},"modified":"2025-03-25T17:54:14","modified_gmt":"2025-03-25T17:54:14","slug":"how-is-climate-change-impacting-ghanas-tropical-forests","status":"publish","type":"photo_story","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/how-is-climate-change-impacting-ghanas-tropical-forests\/","title":{"rendered":"How is climate change impacting Ghana\u2019s tropical forests?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

A team of scientists is trying to understand how the trees of the Bobiri forest reserve in southern Ghana react to extreme heat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Using thermal cameras, they are revealing the maximum temperatures different species experience, and how this affects their health and the functioning of the forest more broadly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"A<\/div>
Shalom Addo-Danso (right), of the Forest Research Institute of Ghana, explains the thermal imagery being collected as part of a study into how tropical trees are coping with rising temperatures (Image: Kwabena Ackah Blay \/ Dialogue Earth)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The resulting images are sent almost immediately to British and Ghanaian researchers at Plymouth University in the UK for analysis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The team hope their work will influence which species Ghana chooses as part of its tree-planting drive, and build up the capacity of scientists locally. They would like to expand their research into other parts of Ghana and beyond. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

They also hope their research will contribute to international collection and analysis of data related to tree growth, respiration and health.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The importance of forests<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The Bobiri Forest is a diverse tropical ecosystem of 55 sq km that is home to native tree species including African mahogany, ofram, emire, black hyedua, afrormosia, oprono, baku and wawa. Some 400 species of butterfly and moth can also be found in the ecosystem, which has distinctive dry and wet seasons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On a 0.2-hectare patch of the forest rises a metal tower overlooking the tallest visible tree. Located on a former loading bay for logged timber, the tower hosts both a thermal and a conventional camera, as well as a weather station. The remote-controlled cameras capture images of the canopy every 10 minutes. A solar panel at the tower\u2019s base powers the operation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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The Bobiri monitoring tower rises high above the tallest tree in the middle of the forest reserve (Image: Kwabena Ackah Blay \/ Dialogue Earth)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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At the top of the tower, a thermal camera takes images of the canopy every 10 minutes (Image: Kwabena Ackah Blay \/ Dialogue Earth)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Forests are important the world over. They cover roughly a third<\/a> of Earth\u2019s land, are home to over 80%<\/a> of terrestrial species and absorb large amounts of CO2. Supporting this latter function will be essential if we are to limit global warming to 1.5C, states<\/a> the UN Environment Programme.\u00a0Ending deforestation, improving forest management, and reforestation are key.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Shalom Addo-Danso is a senior scientist at Ghana\u2019s Forest Research Institute, which is co-leading on the Bobiri research. He tells Dialogue Earth that the project seeks to \u201cbetter understand the impact of climate change on tropical forest canopy temperatures\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The data collected, when combined with other similar studies, is helping to establish how rising temperatures are affecting the growth and respiration of particular tree species.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Two of the species included in the study are ofram (top), a tall tree that often rises above the canopy, and the shade-tolerant danta (bottom-left). Bobiri is home to over 100 native tree species<\/a>, many of which have been gathered together in the reserve\u2019s arboretum, both for visitors to enjoy and for research purposes (Images: Kwabena Ackah Blay \/ Dialogue Earth)<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Leaf temperatures<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Leaf temperatures matter primarily because they affect the ability of a plant to photosynthesise. Warm leaves can photosynthesise more efficiently than cold leaves, but once the temperature rises past a certain threshold, photosynthesis rates fall.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Most Earth system models assume that leaves are the same temperature as the air. But that is not necessarily the case, says William Hagan Brown, a Ghanaian Plymouth University PhD student involved in this research.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Analysing the Bobiri data, Brown has found that the leaves of both canopy-level and \u201cemergent\u201d trees (those breaking above the canopy) are significantly warmer than the ambient temperature. The difference is particularly apparent with larger leaves.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This is likely because the leaves of emergent trees, like ofram,<\/em> are more exposed to direct sunlight. Other leaf differences, such as the rates at which they take in gas and lose water through their stomata, may also contribute to the variation. The researchers are studying the relative roles of these differences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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An intact tropical forest typically consists of distinct layers, with emergent species reaching for the sun above the canopy, and others happy with shadier conditions in the understory (Image: Kwabena Ackah Blay \/ Dialogue Earth)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The leaf temperatures of evergreen species can sometimes reach as high as 40C, exceeding the threshold identified by ecologists for photosynthesis in plants. \u201cWhen that happens, forests may cease to function as carbon sinks,\u201d warns Brown.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Policy implications<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Many studies indicate tropical forests face significant risks<\/a>, particularly to their diversity, from extreme temperatures and droughts. Developing policy based on data collected from Ghana\u2019s forests could help mitigate these impacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cMost of our policies are based on global values from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which are default values. Country-specific data will be informative,\u201d says Addo-Danso. \u201cUnderstanding how specific species in the country\u2019s tropical forest \u2013 that are of conservation and economic concern \u2013 can tolerate extreme weather events is important.\u201d Developing this understanding will be crucial to Ghana\u2019s reforestation efforts as the world warms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Legally salvaged logs inside the Bobiri Forest. The reserve has experienced some land-use change<\/a> over the years. But other areas of primary forest in Ghana, including protected areas<\/a>, are experiencing much greater pressure from deforestation (Image: Kwabena Ackah Blay \/ Dialogue Earth)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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Ghana\u2019s overall tree cover loss is mainly the result of its growing population<\/a>, with more people clearing land for agriculture and housing. In primary forests, drivers<\/a> of permanent deforestation include mining, illegal logging for timber and the expansion of commodity agriculture (Image: Kwabena Ackah Blay \/ Dialogue Earth)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Ghana has been both losing and planting trees. Between 2000 and 2020, the country experienced a net tree-cover loss of\u00a05,730 sq km<\/a>, according to Global Forest Watch. Between 2002 and 2023, 1,430 sq km of primary forest, which contains native species that are vital to biodiversity, were destroyed \u2013 a 13% decline. \u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2016, the government pledged<\/a> to restore two million hectares of forest cover by 2030. Implementation began the following year, via the Ghana Forest Plantation Strategy<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Recommended<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/a>\n\n\n\n

Some 6,280 sq km of degraded land had been put \u201cunder restoration\u201d by the end of 2022, according to a report<\/a> by the International Union for Conservation of Nature based on government data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, reforestation under the plantation strategy\u00a0has its problems. Conservationists raised concerns<\/a> to Dialogue Earth in 2023 that there was too great a focus on planting non-native, hardwood trees at the expense of native biodiversity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Addo-Danso is optimistic that his work with Sophie Fauset, an associate professor of terrestrial ecology at Plymouth University, will reset some policies moving forward.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Some of the 400 species of butterfly and moth that can be found in the Bobiri Forest, including a dotted border butterfly (left). This abundance is supported by the diversity of native plants in the reserve. Addo-Danso says Ghana\u2019s reforestation drive should take this into consideration (Image: Kwabena Ackah Blay \/ Dialogue Earth)<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div>\n\n\n\n

A separate study is exploring the productivity of the forest, including how the trees respire. \u201cUltimately, the findings can influence the country\u2019s restoration efforts, because if your forest respires more than it absorbs, then there is a problem,\u201d explains Addo-Danso. \u201cIn time, we can link the data from the various research sites and feed it into policy.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

African science, global collaboration<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

A network of researchers led by Fauset is studying leaf temperatures in Brazil, China, Ghana, India, the US and the UK. Each will contribute to the overall data analysis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIt is to ensure that we get more reliable data,\u201d Fauset tells Dialogue Earth. \u201cWe can understand the global patterns only if we put all the different types of forests together.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Two<\/div>
Trainee Samuel Gyekyi watches as Addo-Danso checks the data being collected at the base of the Bobiri monitoring tower (Image: Kwabena Ackah Blay \/ Dialogue Earth)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Samuel Gyekyi is being trained as part of the project\u2019s capacity-building strand. He studied natural resources management at the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology in the city of Kumasi, 30km from the Bobiri reserve. \u201cI never had any practical experience during my studies,\u201d he says. \u201cThis project has connected me to scientists and [is] offering me a hands-on experience.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fauset says the team is currently working on fulfilling the obligation under its funding agreement to make their data accessible to scientists worldwide.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The scientists are hoping to extend their research into other parts of Ghana and the Congo Basin<\/a>. The latter would make for a useful comparison to Ghana because of its wetter climate, Fauset adds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Addo-Danso checks fallen leaves in a litter trap set up near the monitoring tower. The leaves are taken back to the lab to be tested under controlled heat conditions (Image: Kwabena Ackah Blay \/ Dialogue Earth)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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Another strand of the canopy temperatures project, tree growth is being measured using simple band dendrometers (Image: Kwabena Ackah Blay \/ Dialogue Earth)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThis is a study I am proud of, because the infrastructure comes in handy for other research purposes, not only for scientists in Ghana, as there are many collaborative research [projects] ongoing in the Bobiri Forest that are targeted at air and leaf temperatures,\u201d Addo-Danso concludes.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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