{"id":60081377,"date":"2025-05-16T14:44:46","date_gmt":"2025-05-16T13:44:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/?post_type=photo_story&p=60081377"},"modified":"2025-05-20T09:35:49","modified_gmt":"2025-05-20T08:35:49","slug":"marine-conservation-lessons-from-mozambique","status":"publish","type":"photo_story","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/ocean\/marine-conservation-lessons-from-mozambique\/","title":{"rendered":"Marine conservation lessons from Mozambique"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Francesca Trotman\u2019s connection to Mozambique began in 2013 on a diving trip which took her to Jangamo, Mozambique. An avid diver and underwater photographer, she was captivated by the south-east African country\u2019s marine life. But her excitement turned to dismay when she witnessed sharks being killed in local fisheries, some caught deliberately for their valuable fins. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI saw many sharks being killed,\u201d Trotman tells Dialogue Earth. \u201cSo, I decided that I wanted to understand more about the shark fisheries in Mozambique. Sharks were my primary interest at the time, and the animals that first got me interested in marine biology.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"A<\/div>
Love The Oceans founder Francesca Trotman measures a juvenile hammerhead shark on Jangamo Beach, 2015 (Image \u00a9 Ollie Putnam)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n
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\"sharks<\/div>
When Trotman first visited Mozambique, she was shocked by the number of sharks being killed by local fisheries (Image: Jeff Hester \/ Photographers Without Borders)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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Often the sharks were bycatch, caught accidentally in gillnets. They were also caught deliberately for their fins through longlining (Image: Jeff Hester \/ Photographers Without Borders)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mozambique hosts a huge diversity of marine animals, and its waters are home to over 140 different species of chondrichthyans, the class of fish that includes sharks, rays and other closely related animals. Jangamo itself is listed by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature as an \u201cImportant Shark and Ray Area\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Information on the catching of these animals is sparse, but research<\/a> and anecdotal evidence suggests many are taken accidentally in nets by local fishers and caught by foreign vessels off the country\u2019s coast.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trotman returned to the country from the UK, where she was studying marine biology at the University of Southampton, in 2014 to conduct research as part of her master\u2019s degree on the sustainability of fisheries in Jangamo Bay, a picturesque coastline in south-east Mozambique known for its tropical marine life. What began as a personal quest quickly evolved into something much larger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2015, Trotman founded Love The Oceans<\/a>, an NGO dedicated to marine conservation and helping the local community in the bay. A decade later, the organisation has become an integral part of the community, setting up coral reef monitoring, encouraging sustainable fishing practices and improving ocean literacy and gender equality. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\"A<\/div>
Jangamo Bay is a stretch of beach popular with tourists drawn by its diverse marine life (Image: Carlos\u00a0Uqueio<\/a> \/ Dialogue Earth)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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Divers swim with a whale shark off Jangamo Beach. The area is a hotspot for these plankton-eating giants (Image: Jeff Hester \/ Photographers Without Borders)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\"A<\/div>
As part of its funding model, Love The Oceans draws a particular breed of tourists to the bay, keen to do their bit to improve the marine environment. Beach cleanups are one activity the charity\u2019s volunteers take part in, removing waste that could kill sea life or break down and enter the food chain as microplastics (Image \u00a9 Danielle Da Silva \/ Photographers Without Borders)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Community-driven conservation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Trotman says community engagement is what distinguishes Love The Oceans from many other conservation projects, as well as a recognition that conservation needs to be linked with local livelihoods. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cA significant part of our work focuses on understanding the socio-economic impact of fisheries. We take a holistic approach to conservation,\u201d Trotman explains.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cTo do this effectively, we need to be deeply embedded in the local community. The majority of our team consists of local community members, which fosters a genuine, personal connection to the ocean and the work we do.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"A<\/div>
Love The Oceans staff stand with a group of local children after a swimming lesson in a Jangamo Bay resort. The organisation offers regular free lessons, for both children and women, as part of its community engagement efforts (Image: Carlos\u00a0Uqueio<\/a> \/ Dialogue Earth) \u00a0<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n
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Despite living next to the sea, over 95% of Jangamo Bay residents are unable to swim, resulting in several drownings every year (Image: Carlos\u00a0Uqueio<\/a> \/ Dialogue Earth)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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The swimming lessons aim to improve water safety while also opening up opportunities for participants to learn more about the sea and eventually find work in marine tourism (Image: Carlos\u00a0Uqueio<\/a> \/ Dialogue Earth)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

This connection is at the heart of how Love The Oceans crafts its conservation strategies. Yudmila Chunguane, a marine biologist who works for the group, points to its sustainable fishing project as a prime example. Love The Oceans conducted an extensive consultation with local fishers and the community fishing council on sustainable practices. Chunguane says kayaks emerged as a more sustainable alternative to deploying gillnets in the NGO\u2019s research; using these nets results in high levels of bycatch, including herbivorous fish, sharks, dolphins and even juvenile humpback whales.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trouble with gillnets<\/strong><\/span>
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Monofillament gillnets are a type of plastic fishing gear designed to hang in the water and catch fish by their gills<\/a> as their heads pass through the net. These nets are widely used and valued for their efficiency by small-scale fishers in the Global South: they are low effort but catch many marine animals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But gillnets can also inadvertently catch marine mammals, seabirds, turtles and non-target fish. Conservation groups have often lobbied against their use around the world.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThis collaboration led to the launch of our sustainable fishing project, where we provided kayaks and sustainability education to fishermen to transition from net fishing to kayak fishing,\u201d Chunguane explains. To date, the group has supplied 32 kayaks, and the equipment needed to fish from them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Fishers<\/div>
Fishers return to shore with their gillnets on Jangamo Bay\u2019s Paindane Beach. To promote a more sustainable way of fishing, Love The Oceans has made 32 kayaks, fitted with fishing rods and safety equipment, available to the local community (Image \u00a9 Sophie Lafrance \/ Photographers Without Borders)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n
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Gillnets are not the only way local people catch fish. Less environmentally damaging methods such as line fishing are also common (Image: Carlos\u00a0Uqueio<\/a> \/ Dialogue Earth)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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At low tide, women often flock to the beach to gather shellfish, an important and reliable source of protein for local communities (Image: Carlos\u00a0Uqueio<\/a> \/ Dialogue Earth)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u201cAnything that swims into [gillnets] is a goner,\u201d says Trotman. But progress in ditching them has been slower than anticipated. Again, knowledge of the local situation \u2013 especially its economics \u2013 is vital to understanding why. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThere\u2019s a couple of fishermen that own all of the nets in the area, and they employ people to run those nets,\u201d Trotman explains. \u201cThey don\u2019t want to give up their nets, because they don\u2019t have to do much to get a slice of the profits. This is why holistic conservation has a lot to do with human behaviour change, informed by science.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n

To overcome this hurdle, Love The Oceans is employing a two-pronged approach: storytelling and economic incentives. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"A<\/div>
M\u00e1rio Guilamba is the son of the area\u2019s chief fisher and a recent graduate of Love The Oceans\u2019 Ocean Conservation Champion<\/a> programme. Now employed as the organisation\u2019s in-house storyteller, he\u2019s exploring new visual ways to spread the word about sustainable fishing practices in his community (Image: Carlos\u00a0Uqueio<\/a> \/ Dialogue Earth)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

M\u00e1rio Guilamba is the group\u2019s in-country storyteller. He has been creating a documentary about why gillnet fishing is unsustainable, using the local Bitonga dialect. The documentary will be aired at local football pitches, schools and churches to encourage people to move to methods that cause less harm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Love The Oceans\u2019 surveys show the amount of fish being caught has declined drastically in the past 20 years and plateaued at a very low level, reducing food security and adding to the urgency for conservation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Understanding why that is happening, and making the link to fishing practices that are unsustainable, is not always easy. \u201cSometimes, it\u2019s been very difficult for [fishers] to really understand. They think we\u2019re lying \u2013 that is, we\u2019re preventing them from fishing,\u201d says Guilamba. \u201cStorytelling can change the mentality of the community, since not everyone has the chance to go out to sea, to see what\u2019s going on.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On the economic front, the organisation is working to create demand for sustainable, kayak-caught fish through partnerships with local resorts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"A<\/div>
Jangamo Bay\u2019s coastline is dotted with resorts, making tourism a very visible industry, despite relatively low numbers of visitors (Image: Carlos\u00a0Uqueio<\/a> \/ Dialogue Earth)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n
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Fernando Amade sells handmade bracelets to tourists on Jangamo Bay\u2019s Paindane Beach (Image: Carlos\u00a0Uqueio<\/a> \/ Dialogue Earth)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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Although most of the area\u2019s formal jobs are in tourism, the majority of residents rely on subsistence fishing and farming for their livelihoods (Image: Carlos\u00a0Uqueio<\/a> \/ Dialogue Earth)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Challenges and triumphs <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

As many conservation groups find, funding threatens the long-term prospects of this work.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOne of the biggest challenges that we face is that funding for marine conservation is actually highly competitive,\u201d says Ines Costa, Love The Oceans\u2019 partnerships manager.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The difficulties that small, grassroots organisations face are compounded by short-term funding cycles, global economic uncertainties and the challenge of finding ethical donors, she adds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Despite these hurdles, Love The Oceans has made significant strides, notably on the issue that first drew Trotman to the area: the protection of elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and some other cartilaginous fish).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Manta rays and sharks play a key role in the marine ecosystem, controlling fish populations and plankton blooms and fertilising coral reefs (Image: Francesca Trotman \/ Love The Oceans)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u201cElasmobranchs are incredibly important here,\u201d says Lena Pollett, the organisation\u2019s marine programme coordinator. \u201cThey regulate fish populations and maintain balance throughout the food chain, right down to the primary producers like coral reefs.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pollett explains that some elasmobranchs also help control plankton blooms, which can smother coral reefs by blocking light penetration: \u201cManta rays and whale sharks feed on zooplankton. And when they come inland to coral reef areas, they fertilise the reefs through their faeces. It\u2019s like using cow manure to fertilise a garden.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\"A<\/div>
Education is a key part of Love The Oceans\u2019 mission. As well as offering training to fishers, it also works closely with two local primary schools (Image: Jeff Hester \/ Photographers Without Borders)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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Love The Oceans\u2019 Pascoal Nhamussua leads a class at Guinjata School, teaching the children about whale sharks and coral reefs (Image: Jeff Hester \/ Photographers Without Borders)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\"A<\/div>
The walls of the school are covered with ocean-themed murals. The words at the top read: \u201cProtecting the coral reefs brings eco-tourism\u201d (Image: Carlos\u00a0Uqueio<\/a> \/ Dialogue Earth)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

To protect these animals, Love The Oceans has launched multiple initiatives, including educational workshops and fisheries monitoring. The latter uses cutting-edge technology, like baited remote underwater video systems and drones. With this, the group collects data that can support the management and protection of sharks in the area. Trotman intends to publish this data soon as part of her PhD.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The group is also working on the critical issue of coral reef health. Pollett says a 2023 study by her team identified 437 cases of coral disease across 387 coral colonies in the bay. The organisation is now working to monitor coral health and create interventions to slow disease spread and increase coral cover.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe\u2019ve identified a few different threats exacerbating the disease, primarily climate change and overfishing,\u201d Pollett explains. \u201cIt\u2019s a complex issue, but we\u2019re committed to finding solutions.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Protecting the bay<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

A typical day for the team might begin before sunrise, gathering at 5:30am to head to a fishing landing site. There, they wait for fishers to return with their catch, help to haul the boats ashore, then measure and photograph the fish. The work often stretches into the afternoon, after which the team returns to their base to log the data.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Love The Oceans volunteers record the catch of fishers using gillnets in Jangamo Bay (Image \u00a9 Hasse Hedstro\u0308m \/ Photographers Without Borders)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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Knowing the species and size, and therefore approximate age, of the fish helps understand what is being caught and how sustainable the fisheries are (Image \u00a9 Stella Levantesi \/ Photographers Without Borders)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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This information is then logged and the species checked. All this work feeds into the organisation\u2019s goal of establishing a marine protected area in Jangamo Bay, which will require a fisheries management plan based on reliable data (Image: Jeff Hester \/ Photographers Without Borders)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Other days are spent beneath the waves. On these occasions, the team gathers at 7am at the dive centre, kitting up for a dive. After sailing out, they descend to conduct coral reef surveys, which involves recording data on the health and diversity of reefs along transects \u2013 lines placed across habitats to study changes in species and environment. These boat days are often combined with baited remote underwater video deployments to monitor carnivore presence as an indicator of ecosystem health. Back on land, the afternoon is dedicated to data logging.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When the weather permits, the focus shifts to the majestic humpback whales that frequent the bay. The team takes to the water or the dunes with binoculars, or the sky with a drone, to observe the presence of large animals such as whales. On other occasions, they deploy hydrophones that capture the underwater vocalisations of these ocean giants \u2013 adding another layer of data to their growing repository and assisting in population studies of these animals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chunguane stresses the importance of responsible fieldwork and robust science, for which the team observes the \u201cthree T\u201d rules: \u201cWe have a policy of \u2018don\u2019t take, don\u2019t tease and don\u2019t touch\u2019 to minimise disruption to the ecosystem.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"several<\/div>
Love The Oceans marine biologist Yudmila Chunguane dives to collect data on the health of a coral reef (Image: M\u00e1rio Guilamba \/ Love The Oceans)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

This data collection contributes to the overarching goal of establishing a marine protected area (MPA) in Jangamo Bay. MPAs are designated sections of the ocean where human activity is more strictly managed to protect biodiversity, restore fish populations and support sustainable livelihoods. \u201cRight now, there\u2019s no official protection in the area,\u201d explains Trotman.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The goal for Jangamo Bay is to combine legal protection with community-led conservation and science-based management, co-managed by Love The Oceans and the local community. However, Trotman is under no illusions that legal status alone will safeguard the fragile marine ecosystem: \u201cA marine protected area is actually only as good as its management. If the mechanisms aren\u2019t in place for the management of the marine protected area, then a marine protected area will not succeed.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In other words, a legal framework is the final flourish in any effort to establish an MPA, not its foundation. \u201cThe MPA legislative rule and the actual law establishing the MPA is kind of like the cherry on top of the cake. It\u2019s not the cake itself,\u201d adds Trotman.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"a<\/div>
Love The Oceans\u2019\u00a0conservation officer\u00a0Bento Nhamussua with a baited remote underwater video system, another tool the organisation is using to gather data on the health of the marine ecosystem and the sustainability of fisheries (Image: M\u00e1rio Guilamba \/ Love The Oceans)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The team is working with an expected three-to-five-year timeline for official MPA recognition in Jangamo Bay. A memorandum of understanding with the government is in place, which lays the groundwork for future collaboration and a formal designation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trotman says law and paperwork are only part of the puzzle, however. Shifting human behaviour among fishers, local businesses and even tourists remains one of the biggest and most unpredictable challenges: \u201cWith conservation work, human behaviour change is such a humongous element, and also one of the most challenging. Humans are creatures of habit, and we don\u2019t want to change our ways sometimes.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Other issues, such as illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing by foreign fleets, are too big for a locally focused NGO to tackle alone. \u201cIt\u2019s a terrifying reality of the entire coastline of Mozambique,\u201d says Trotman. \u201cThey\u2019re always coming way closer than they\u2019re contracted to come and it\u2019s widely acknowledged that often their catch is not legal. There is a lot of illegal fishing that is continuously happening along the coastline.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n

While a local focus limits its ability to directly confront these large vessels, Love The Oceans is working to raise awareness and advocate for stronger regulations and enforcement. The organisation envisages a reporting system that could enable action against boats that fish illegally. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\"Women<\/div>
Illegal fishing by foreign fleets depletes stocks, impacting local communities that rely on fisheries for their livelihoods. Across Africa, women in particular derive status and income from the sector (Image: Carlos\u00a0Uqueio<\/a> \/ Dialogue Earth)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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\"a<\/div>
These small fish and crabs were caught overnight by male fishers in the quiet, mangrove-lined waters of Inhambane Bay, just up the coast from Jangamo. Once landed, they are collected by women and taken to market (Image: Carlos\u00a0Uqueio<\/a> \/ Dialogue Earth)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Gender equity is an ocean issue<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Love The Oceans says there is a critical link between gender equity and marine conservation. \u201cIf you exclude any demographic from conservation conversations, your strategy won\u2019t work,\u201d says Trotman.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Two<\/div>
Helena Artur (left) and Luisa Rafael are the first women in Jangamo Bay to qualify as scuba divers, thanks to a Love The Oceans programme (Image: M\u00e1rio Guilamba \/ Love The Oceans)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The organisation has launched several initiatives to provide stable income for women who are often locked out of economic opportunities. These include a mussel farming project and a scuba diving programme that opens career paths in the marine sector. So far, two women have been trained to dive, who then became ambassadors. Love The Oceans aims to recruit more.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

These efforts have garnered international acclaim. In November 2024, Love The Oceans received<\/a> the prestigious Gender Just Climate Solutions Award, which is an initiative of the non-profit network Women Engage for a Common Future. Trotman and Chunguane travelled to COP29 in Baku, Azerbaijan to accept the award.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWinning the award strengthened Love The Oceans\u2019 initiatives and projects,\u201d says Chunguane. \u201cMost people don\u2019t believe that small NGOs are the ones that really do the work.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"women<\/div>
Trotman (centre) and Chunguane (first on right) celebrate with fellow winners of the Gender Just Climate Solutions award at the 2024 UN climate talks in Baku (Image \u00a9 Sarah Kuck \/ Women Engage for a Common Future)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Jangamo Bay typifies Love The Ocean\u2019s community-driven conservation model<\/a>: combine cutting-edge science, education and sustainable practices to empower coastal communities, so they can take the lead in protecting their marine resources. \u201cIt\u2019s all about fostering a sense of ownership and encouraging sustainable practices for generations to come,\u201d says Pollett. \u201cThis is the ultimate goal.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Additional reporting by Carlos Uqueio.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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