{"id":60104915,"date":"2025-10-17T20:48:42","date_gmt":"2025-10-17T19:48:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/?post_type=photo_story&p=60104915"},"modified":"2025-10-17T21:28:31","modified_gmt":"2025-10-17T20:28:31","slug":"the-final-days-of-a-peruvian-village-displaced-by-a-giant-copper-mine","status":"publish","type":"photo_story","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/business\/the-final-days-of-a-peruvian-village-displaced-by-a-giant-copper-mine\/","title":{"rendered":"The final days of a Peruvian village displaced by a giant copper mine"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

For more than a decade, Elvis Atachahua Ursua lived in a state of resistance. Amid rubble and explosions, he survived without water or electricity at an altitude of more than 4,700 metres in the ruins of Morococha, an historic mining town in Peru\u2019s central highlands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 19 September, that resistance was broken. More than 250 police officers stormed<\/a> the last remaining houses. One by one, they were demolished in a day. \u201cThey cut off our signal and took everything,\u201d Atachahua says, through tears.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

That morning, the final five families of Morococha<\/a> were expelled. They had remained in place since 2012, the year the Aluminum Corporation of China (Chinalco) finished building Nueva Morococha, a settlement built from scratch and designed to relocate some 5,000 people. The evictions of Morococha have paved the way for mining at Toromocho, one of the largest copper projects in Peru. Every day, Chinalco\u2019s mine produces 170,000 tonnes<\/a> of a mineral that is critical to global energy transitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"A<\/div>
Atachahua stands in front of rubble from demolished houses and roads piled up next to his home, where he resisted efforts to be moved elsewhere for more than a decade. During that time, he and the few families that stayed had to rely on solar panels to power lighting, and received water in fits and starts (Image: Sally Jabiel)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

And so, this Andean village has disappeared. Morococha was forged by migrants who had originally settled in this corner of the department of Jun\u00edn to extract minerals \u2013 to be eventually displaced by one of the largest ever<\/a> Chinese state-backed investments in Peru.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Morococha\u2019s last days<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Before these final evictions, life in Morococha took place among a labyrinth of white fences and ruined streets. From her small house, which shook with every detonation from the open-pit mine, Yolit Alejo Bonifacio resisted. The 49-year-old spoke to Dialogue Earth a few days before the clear-out: \u201cBefore, at least they warned us. It\u2019s as if they are pushing us out little by little.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Her mother and siblings were among the first to move to Nueva Morococha, as economic life in the old town dwindled and the opportunities on offer centred around the new settlement. \u201cIf you didn\u2019t accept, then there was no work. Fear forced them to leave,\u201d says Alejo. She decided to stay. Of the 65 families who rejected resettlement, only five resisted until the end.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no voluntary resettlement. It is forced and inhumane displacement<\/blockquote>Elvis Atachahua Ursua, one of the last residents of Morococha, who was evicted in September<\/cite><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

They did so for 13 years, in extreme conditions. The families used solar panels to power lighting and received water in fits and starts. Dialogue Earth visited in early September, when vehicle access to Morococha by outsiders was being blocked and monitored by Chinalco. Our passage into the village was only possible by hitching a ride on Alejo\u2019s mototaxi.

The pressure was constant. In 2020, two women were arrested<\/a> for protesting the roadblocks. Chinalco then reported the families to the authorities for \u201cloitering\u201d in their own village, which the judiciary rejected<\/a>, recognising their constitutional rights to dignity and integrity. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Before the clear-out operation, Atachahua repeated to Dialogue Earth what he has been denouncing for a decade: \u201cThere is no voluntary resettlement. It is forced and inhumane displacement.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"A<\/div>
Yolit Alejo Bonifacio with her three-wheeled mototaxi. When Dialogue Earth visited Morococha in early September, vehicle access to the town by outsiders was being blocked and monitored by Chinalco, and entry was only possible via Alejo\u2019s vehicle (Image: Sally Jabiel)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In August, the anticipated eviction order<\/a> came. The day before, the police had denied the families entry to Morococha. They begged to be allowed into their homes. \u201cWe held a vigil, we cooked together \u2013 we knew they were going to take us away,\u201d Alejo says. \u201cWe didn\u2019t sleep that night.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At dawn, the police contingent entered the village \u201cwithout respect for anything\u201d, she reports. \u201cThey didn\u2019t give us five minutes to take our things. They pushed us, they pulled us. We will never get over it. We felt it in our flesh.\u201d The last five families left with nothing but the clothes on their backs, seeking refuge in different villages across Jun\u00edn department.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dialogue Earth spoke to Edwin Alejandro, the socio-environmental coordinator for \u200bthe Muqui Network. This Peruvian network of civil society organisations defends people with claims to having had their rights compromised by mining. He accompanied Morococha\u2019s families in the defence of their rights and claims this operation was irregular: \u201cThey were evicted without trial or process, and to this day they do not know where their belongings are.\u201d Even the houses were demolished, despite a court order to preserve them. \u201cThe only thing the families have asked is that we not abandon them,\u201d Alejandro says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\n
\"Two<\/div>
Alejo and Atachahua walk through Morococha, now a deserted labyrinth of fences and damaged streets. The last five remaining families were evicted without trial or process, claims Edwin Alejandro of the Muqui Network (Image: Sally Jabiel)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n
\"Dilapidated<\/div>
One of the many houses in Morococha that were damaged, which, according to Alejandro, happened despite an existing court order to preserve them (Image: Sally Jabiel)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

The hidden cost of copper<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Copper demand is spiking due to the global energy transition, with the metal vital to a wide range of uses across power systems and power networks. For example, the cables used for electric vehicle charging networks require a large amount of the material, while offshore wind turbines necessitate long underwater transmission cables that also rely on copper.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Globally, only Chile and the Democratic Republic of the Congo produce<\/a> more copper than Peru. In 2024, more than 72% of Peru\u2019s copper output was exported to China, according to official figures<\/a>. Toromocho alone holds 5.7 million tonnes of the mineral. That wealth made Morococha attractive to Chinese policymakers and financiers\u2019 strategies to secure minerals for the energy transition, according to AidData<\/a>. In 2024, almost a fifth of Peru\u2019s total copper output was produced by two Chinese-owned mining companies: MMG Las Bambas (11.7%) and Chinalco (7.5%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"satellite<\/div>
Satellite images of Morococha and the Toromocho mine. Since 2012, the residents of the town have seen activity linked to the mine expand and gradually advance into the town. As residents were resettled, their houses were demolished in waves (Satellite images: Maxar Technologies via Google Earth)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Both companies have had to engage in resettlement schemes to carry out their projects. From 2014, MMG Las Bambas began to relocate 1,800 people from Fuerabamba<\/a>, in Peru\u2019s south-central department of Apur\u00edmac, to a new settlement. MMG had inherited a resettlement and compensation plan<\/a> negotiated with villagers by Las Bambas\u2019 former owner, Switzerland-based Glencore-Xstrata, from which it acquired the mine in 2014.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

With ongoing social conflicts at their sites, among other complaints, the Las Bambas and Toromocho mines were both highlighted among Chinese investments in Latin America that have reportedly violated human rights, according to<\/a> a 2022 report by the Collective on Chinese Financing and Investment, Human Rights and the Environment (CICDHA). The Chinese government later responded<\/a> to a United Nations review process under which CICDHA submitted these concerns, saying that it would study the observations, and stated a commitment to international human rights instruments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>
Recommended<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/a>\n\n\n\n

The CICDHA says what has happened in Morococha should be described as a \u201cforced displacement\u201d. Alejandro says Chinalco negotiated with each family, never with the whole village, describing it as \u201ca divide and rule strategy that worked\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition, in 2017 the Peruvian government declared the old town an \u201cimminent, non-mitigable hazard<\/a>\u201d due to seismic activity and mining operations. Paradoxically, the new settlement may not be entirely safe either: its environmental impact study<\/a>, published in 2009, detected lead concentrations above the permitted levels in almost all soil samples in the project\u2019s area of influence, and excessive levels of arsenic at several sampling points.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For Alejandro, the government declaring Morococha a hazard was a legal mechanism to favour Chinalco: \u201cThe dispossession was legalised and the company took advantage of a corrupt system\u2026 The message is clear: if it happened in Morococha, it can happen in any project. It is a dangerous precedent.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A city of broken promises<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Dialogue Earth requested multiple interviews with Chinalco about the resettlement of Morococha. At the time of publication, it had not responded. However, in a 2023 ProInversi\u00f3n video<\/a>, the mining company\u2019s legal affairs manager Ra\u00fal La Madrid described the resettlement as a part of its \u201csocial responsibility commitment\u201d: \u201cThe mining company uses the services of community businesses. Everyone wins.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"A<\/div>
A view of the roads and red-roofed houses of Nueva Morococha, the settlement built by Chinalco in 2012 to relocate some 5,000 people, which lies 15 minutes downhill from Morococha (Image: Sally Jabiel)\u00a0 \u00a0<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Dialogue Earth travelled to the new settlement, which lies 15 minutes downhill from its predecessor. Nueva Morococha is a village of straight avenues, identical red-roofed houses and pristine parks. The promise of a modern city<\/a> felt, in reality, more like a lifeless model village.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe used to be a big family. In the new city, there is no movement or work,\u201d laments No\u00e9 Gamarra, president of the Association of Owners Displaced by the Toromocho Project. For years, he persisted in Morococha but ended up selling his house to Chinalco. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe didn\u2019t negotiate; the company set its price.\u201d Today, at 66, he lives about 100 kilometres away, and is one of the most vocal of those displaced. \u201cChinalco promised that the operations camp would be in the new city to generate commerce. It didn\u2019t deliver: there isn\u2019t even 40% of the movement that there was in the old town.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"A<\/div>
An empty street in Nueva Morococha. Human geography researcher Lin Zhu noted that the settlement seemed designed to serve the mine rather than its inhabitants, lacked life, and was built with a technocratic rationale \u201cignoring the local ways of living and socialising\u201d (Image: Sally Jabiel)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

This void has been noted by human geography researcher Lin Zhu of Boston University. \u201cWhat surprised me most was the lack of life; it seemed like a city designed to serve the mine, not its inhabitants,\u201d she tells Dialogue Earth. In her study<\/a> for The People\u2019s Map of Global China, most recently updated in 2021, Lin pointed out that it was built using a \u201ctechnocratic rationale which pursued efficient governance, ignoring the local ways of living and socialising\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of all Chinalco\u2019s promises, employment was the most repeated. But in 2017, more than half of Nueva Morococha\u2019s population was unemployed despite its proximity to the mine, according to<\/a> a survey by the National University of the Center of Peru. \u201cThey only offer precarious jobs,\u201d Gamarra observes. \u201cNot even my children, who are professionals, have been given work.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to Zhu, the shift from underground to open-pit mining has drastically reduced employment. \u201cThat meant temporary jobs, without insurance or stability,\u201d she explains.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Open-pit<\/div>
The open-pit mine of Toromocho holds 5.7 million tonnes of copper. With demand for such strategic minerals estimated to double due to the global energy transition, experts emphasise the need to respect the rights of impacted people and have prior consultation if mining projects will cause displacement (Image: Sally Jabiel)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

To address these issues, a roundtable was created in 2012 between the state, Chinalco and the community. More than a decade later, it remains stalled, and has been extended<\/a> until 2026. For many, it has been more of \u201ca corporate tactic and a bureaucratic mechanism\u201d than a real space for solutions, Zhu details in her research. Such state action, she points out, does not attract more Chinese investment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cAs the world moves towards an energy transition, countries with strategic minerals must be able to articulate concrete demands to foreign investors,\u201d Zhu says. \u201cNo company will act on its own initiative for the benefit of the community.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is estimated that demand for these strategic minerals will double<\/a> by 2040 due to the energy transition. For Carlos Monge, a researcher at the Analysis Group for Development (Grade<\/a>) and an expert on the subject, \u201ccommunities have neither the state as an ally nor as an arbitrator\u201d in Peru.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWhat they face is an alliance between the state and companies. This has always been the case and continues to be so in this new cycle of high demand for minerals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>
Recommended<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/a>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe lesson that Morococha must leave behind is full respect for rights and prior consultation, especially if there is displacement. Only then can we talk about a just transition, not at the cost of wiping out entire villages,\u201d he concludes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Morococha was founded in the early 20th century, a few minutes from the Ticlio mountain pass, at the highest point of what eventually became the Central Highway. Now, \u201cnot even Toromocho Hill exists,\u201d says Gamarra. \u201cThe \u2018lying bull\u2019 that gave the mine its name has been reduced to a pit. I remember playing there as a child, the carnivals … everything has disappeared.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the copper from Toromocho fuels the energy transition, more than simply a village has been removed from the Andes. But Alejo, who has now taken refuge some 170 kilometres away, asserts that \u201chistory will never be erased from our minds. I have lost Morococha, but not my voice\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dialogue Earth contacted several families in Nueva Morococha for comment, but they declined to contribute to this article.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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