{"id":67880,"date":"2020-10-21T09:12:03","date_gmt":"2020-10-21T09:12:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chinadialogue.net\/?post_type=photo_story&p=67880"},"modified":"2021-02-17T16:42:09","modified_gmt":"2021-02-17T16:42:09","slug":"ghana-high-court-considers-ngo-case-against-bauxite-mine","status":"publish","type":"photo_story","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/nature\/ghana-high-court-considers-ngo-case-against-bauxite-mine\/","title":{"rendered":"Ghana high court considers NGO case against bauxite mine"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

For generations Emanuel Tabi has watched his community work the land for agriculture. He has also witnessed generations of \u201cgalamseyers\u201d, small-scale illegal gold miners whose prospecting has contaminated the nearby Birim River.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tabi is the assemblyman for Sagyimase, a small community at one tip of the Atewa Forest Reserve, one of the last primary rainforests left in Ghana. Long ago, says Tabi, \u201cour fathers made us to understand that it is because of this forest that we enjoy the kind of rainfall we have, so cocoa, cassava, plantain grows very well in this region.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>
Assemblyman Emanuel Tabi, pictured here at home with his granddaughter, has been actively involved in the campaign against mining for bauxite in the Atewa region (Image \u00a9 Thomas Cristofoletti<\/a> \/ Ruom)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

It was after engineers started clearing access roads into the forest to allow prospecting for bauxite and likely further destruction that Tabi decided to act. He\u2019s a member of Concerned Citizens of the Atewa Landscape, one of seven local groups and four citizens suing the government at Ghana\u2019s High Court to stop mining in Atewa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

That\u2019s because in 2017 Ghana reached an agreement with major investor China to develop an aluminium industry in Ghana. Atewa was earmarked as one of three locations for sourcing bauxite, the chief ore for aluminium.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Underneath Atewa is roughly 150 million tonnes of the rock. The US$2 billion barter deal was finalised in 2018 and would see China paid back with sales of refined bauxite. In exchange Ghana is getting roads and interchanges built by Chinese state-owned firm Sinohydro. But as the source of three major rivers, campaigners say mining would poison the water for five million people.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>
The Weija reservoir provides water to Ghana\u2019s capital Accra. It is filled by the Densu River, which has its source in the uplands of the Atewa forest. Campaigners say bauxite mining in the region could contaminate water for five million people. (Image \u00a9 Thomas Cristofoletti<\/a> \/ Ruom)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Encompassing 230 square kilometres, Atewa is of critical environmental significance. Over 100 species pushed to the brink of global extinction live in the forest. It contains three quarters of all remaining upland rainforest in Ghana, according to Rainforest Trust<\/a>. And it holds one of the last intact areas of the Upper Guinean Forest, which once spanned the whole of West Africa. As one of the most fragmented but rich biodiverse ecosystems on earth, the Upper Guinean Forest is home to a quarter of Africa\u2019s mammals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Atewa is classified as a Globally Significant Biodiversity Area (GSBA) and as a protected forest reserve. All mining activities are supposed to be excluded. Considered the lungs of the earth, these types of forest absorb carbon dioxide and produce oxygen in exchange, regulating rainfall.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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The Atewa reserve is one of the last intact areas of primary rainforest left in Ghana (Image \u00a9 Thomas Cristofoletti<\/a> \/ Ruom)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf the forest is a source of rainfall in the landscape and if the forest is gone what is going to happen?\u201d asked Tabi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Government denies mining risks<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Among the legal claims filed by local groups on 1 July, seen by China Dialogue, is that mining bauxite in Atewa infringed on their constitutional right to life, and to a clean and healthy environment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The court documents also claim that the Ghanaian government breached the 2006 minerals and mining 703 act<\/a> by test drilling in Atewa in May 2019 without a licence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in a statement of defence, seen by China Dialogue, the Ghanaian government asked for the case to be dismissed. Ghana’s attorney general responded that not all of Atewa is designated GSBA and can therefore be mined.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Part of a massive wastewater pond created by mining activities at Ghana\u2019s only operating bauxite mine in Awaso (Image \u00a9 Thomas Cristofoletti<\/a> \/ Ruom)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Ghana Integrated Aluminium Development Corporation (GIADEC), the government agency created to implement the plans, maintains the deal will bring infrastructure. \u201cWhat we want to do with this bauxite deal is harness it for the benefit of the community,\u201d deputy CEO Akwasi Osei-Adjei told China Dialogue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe believe it can pull in a lot of the facility that they lack in those communities, because in those farming communities the income levels are quite low, but with the mining employment will be created, and with that schools can be expanded, high roads, and then [piped] water and electricity.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added: \u201cTo create that kind of infrastructure at this level is expensive.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>
A flyover under construction near Ghana\u2019s capital Accra, part of new infrastructure promised by China in exchange for bauxite (Image \u00a9 Thomas Cristofoletti<\/a> \/ Ruom)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe are not against the government\u2019s plans to develop the economy. We believe creating more jobs for the Ghanaian citizen is very important,\u201d said Richard Pomeyie, a member of the Ghana Youth Environmental Movement. \u201cWhat we are against is the mining of the forest.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A Rocha, one of the conservation NGO’s suing the government, estimates Atewa could generate<\/a> approximately US$450,000 from tourists a year as a national park.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat\u2019s one of the alternatives that\u2019s being provided to the government,\u201d said Pomeyie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More locals are joining the campaign to save Atewa amid concerns that Chinese ventures are having a negative environmental impact for Ghanaians.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>
The remains of a small-scale gold mine in Kyebi near the Atewa forest. The area is scattered with excavations like this where topsoil has been removed and contaminated water gathers in ponds. (Image \u00a9 Thomas Cristofoletti<\/a> \/ Ruom)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

A history of uncontrolled illicit mining<\/a> backed by Chinese funders has inflamed the debate. A decade ago, more than 50,000 Chinese migrants sought wealth in Ghana\u2019s small\u2010scale gold mining sector. A 2013 crackdown by former president, John Mahama, led to the deportation of more than 4,500 Chinese workers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it failed to dampen the trade leaving Ghanaians seeking tougher measures. The deportation of Aisha Huang, labelled the \u201cGalamsey Queen\u201d, in 2018 caused a furore. Many believed the government of current President Nana Akufo-Addo did not prosecute Huang due to political influence from China over the Sinohydro deal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cAisha Huang was not part of the discussion,\u201d lands minister Kwaku Asomah-Cheremeh was forced to clarify at a press briefing in April last year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mining incompatible with protection<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Ghana experienced a 60% spike in primary forest loss between 2017 and 2018 \u2013 the highest rise globally according to environmental research group World Resources Institute, which released the data through its Global Forest Watch programme. Deforestation was linked to agriculture, such as cocoa production, and mining.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Sagyimase villager Vida Dede and her husband clear a portion of forest next to the Atewa reserve allocated to them for farming purposes. Vida Dede thinks the mining project will benefit the local population by bringing new job opportunities. (Image \u00a9 Thomas Cristofoletti<\/a> \/ Ruom)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

While there have been improvements with new data<\/a> showing a 50% decline in loss for 2019, \u201cwe\u2019d want to see three consecutive years of decline to feel very certain… that it\u2019s a true sustained trend,\u201d Caroline Winchester, a Global Forest Watch research analyst told China Dialogue. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGhana deserves some applause,\u201d added Winchester. \u201cIt is the third country in the world to have signed an agreement with the World Bank in which they can receive financial rewards<\/a> for reducing deforestation and degradation.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And this is why environmental groups believe the Sinohydro deal is in contradiction of this. Activists are not protesting for a complete halt to bauxite mining, \u201cbut that it does not touch critical ecosystems like Atewa,\u201d says Daryl Bosu, deputy national director of A Rocha Ghana. He pointed out that the World Bank estimates that deforestation costs Ghana<\/a> around US$400 million each year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>
A billboard in Kwabeng on the western side of the Atewa reserve, part of the campaign against bauxite mining in the region (Image \u00a9 Thomas Cristofoletti<\/a> \/ Ruom)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Campaigns to stop mining in Atewa have been ongoing since 2017 with marches, billboards and an online petition with over 30,000 signatures. It\u2019s earned support on social media from actor Leonardo DiCaprio.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There has been widespread condemnation of the Sinohydro deal not only for its environmental impact. It is part of a bigger US$19 billion loan agreement between Ghana and China. The IMF\u2019s 2019 report warned of Ghana\u2019s debt risks<\/a> given the high capital required to refine bauxite coupled with falling prices for aluminium.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

This was echoed by a critical report<\/a> from the Natural Resource Governance Institute on how heavy borrowing against resources has led to major debt problems across Africa and Latin America. African countries have taken at least US$66 billion worth of such loans from China since 2004. Two state banks, the China Development Bank and Eximbank, accounted for 53% of the loans, according to the 2020 report by the non-profit think tank.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>
The Awaso bauxite mine \u2013 currently Ghana\u2019s only operating bauxite mine \u2013 is 80% owned by China\u2019s Bosai Minerals Group (Image \u00a9 Nosmot Gbadamosi)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

So, it came as no surprise when in April, the International Monetary Fund approved a US$1 billion loan to counter the significant hit of Covid-19 on Ghana\u2019s economy, citing trade disruptions with China as the initial driver of the country\u2019s financial woes. It forecasted Ghana\u2019s debt would reach 69% of GDP, up from 63% in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Ghanaian government seems resolute on mining Atewa, and the other two locations in Awaso and Nyinahin. \u201cPlans are far advanced for us to mine the bauxite so that the people of Kyebi [a town bordering the Atewa forest], and Ghanaians in general, would have employment,\u201d President Akufo-Addo said during a three-day tour of the eastern region in October.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>
Old samples of bauxite extracted from the Atewa region in 2008 gather dust in a dilapidated shed in Kyebi (Image \u00a9 Thomas Cristofoletti<\/a> \/ Ruom)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

China gave the first batch of money \u2013 US$646 million \u2013 to Accra last year, with a further US$100 million to be released each year rising to US$200 million as part of the deal. Much of that money has already been spent on the construction of road infrastructure amid fierce campaigning for a general election that takes place in December.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mining bauxite in Atewa has been discussed for more than a decade. \u201cMany attempts have been made to mine the bauxite and all those attempts were not fruitful for various reasons including the environmental impacts,\u201d says Tabi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Please note that all images in this story are copyright-protected. They can be republished as part of this article, but not independently of it. Credit information should not be changed.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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