{"id":118702,"date":"2024-01-25T10:33:00","date_gmt":"2024-01-25T10:33:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chinadialogue.net\/?p=118702"},"modified":"2024-04-11T15:39:55","modified_gmt":"2024-04-11T15:39:55","slug":"myanmar-rulers-threaten-environmental-progress","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/energy\/myanmar-rulers-threaten-environmental-progress\/","title":{"rendered":"Myanmar rulers threaten environmental progress"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Though Myanmar\u2019s per capita greenhouse gas emissions are relatively low \u2013 113th<\/sup><\/a> out of 191 countries \u2013 in 2021 its government committed<\/a> to reducing national emissions by at least 244 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent (CO2e) in 2021-2030. For context, in 2021 alone, the US emitted 5.5 billion<\/a> tonnes of CO2e. Fast-forward to the present day, however, and a military takeover has set back the achievement of this and other climate goals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In February 2021, Myanmar\u2019s National League of Democracy (NLD) government was overthrown in a military coup. The country has since witnessed three years of turmoil and bloodshed as resistant forces push back.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Amid this tumult, plans<\/a> for large-scale solar projects, initiatives to train<\/a> environmental leaders, and efforts to protect natural resources, have all been shelved.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Some experts believe that national attempts to achieve an energy transition away from fossil fuels, and other climate goals, have all but evaporated. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

This is despite Myanmar ranking<\/a> second for countries most vulnerable to extreme weather events in the 16th<\/sup> annual Global Climate Risk Index. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cProjects have been stalled, if they\u2019ve not been completely cancelled,\u201d says Helene Maria Kyed, a senior researcher at the Danish Institute for International Studies. \u201cThe whole sphere around environmental activism, which was also moving into more explicit climate change action discourse, has been undermined and suppressed after the military coup.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The energy deficit<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

China Dialogue spoke to a programme specialist for UN-Habitat, who asked to remain anonymous for security reasons. He says donors have been disengaging with Myanmar, there have been issues in accessing certain areas to implement projects, and barriers to building at the policy level.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Some of this disengagement is the result of international NGOs and development agencies backing out of the country shortly after the coup. But there are also initiatives that Myanmar\u2019s current de facto government \u2013 the State Administration Council (SAC) \u2013 has cancelled itself. They include 26<\/a> China-funded solar power deals, which the SAC claimed were in breach of tender regulations when the companies involved stalled the signing of power-purchase agreements after the coup.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Since 2000, there had been a steady stream of solar projects implemented in Myanmar with China\u2019s support. \u201cBut right now, renewable energy is not a priority for the government,\u201d says Than Htay, chair of the Renewable Energy Association Myanmar, an NGO working to raise rural living standards via renewable energy projects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On the other hand, the SAC has announced plans<\/a> for electric vehicles and wind power. On 1 March 2023, it signed<\/a> an agreement with two Chinese companies to create the country\u2019s first wind farms in the western state of Rakhine. A few months later, another agreement<\/a> was reached with Russia\u2019s Rosatom energy corporation regarding feasibility assessments for further wind farms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aside from renewable energy, the SAC is also exploring nuclear<\/a> energy with Rosatom. By October 2023, details had emerged of gas pipeline discussions<\/a> between Moscow and Yangon. It is unclear where the energy generated from these projects will be allocated. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to Vicky Bowman, who directs the Myanmar Centre for Responsible Business and is a former British ambassador to Myanmar, these actions are less about addressing climate change concerns and more about managing Myanmar\u2019s current energy deficit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

An ongoing security concern, the energy deficit<\/a> in Myanmar keeps it reliant on costly diesel imports. Damage to power infrastructure caused by its internal conflict has only exacerbated this situation. According to the International Trade Administration, the country has the lowest<\/a> electrification rate in Asia, with only half of the population connected to the national grid. Renewable energy could help \u201cbut supply chain issues, access to finance constraints and limited awareness by customers\u201d are all impediments to this solution, finds<\/a> the World Bank.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In order to meet its energy demands, Myanmar will require US$170 billion<\/a> in foreign investment by 2030. This is currently hard to come by, however, because funders deem the country a risky investment and do not wish to legitimise the junta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pre-coup climate action<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Those in power prior to the coup also struggled with such issues. The NLD won a general election in November 2015, ending decades of military rule \u2013 subsequently reinstated by the February 2021 coup. During the NLD\u2019s rule, it established the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation in 2016, but it was several years before a national environmental policy<\/a> or a climate change policy<\/a> was released. Furthermore, says Bowman, the country\u2019s contributions to the Paris Agreement were perceived as weak and its coal targets \u201cmythical\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To tackle Myanmar\u2019s energy crisis, while in charge the NLD also proposed solutions but these were met with pushback. For example, it planned<\/a> to move away from coal- and wood-burning by making hydropower the sole electricity source by 2030. Various projects, on the Irrawaddy, Salween and Chindwin rivers, triggered protests<\/a> over their potential to displace communities, impact livelihoods, and damage associated environments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"people<\/div>
Karen people protest the development of a dam on the Salween River in 2019 (Image: Karen Rivers Watch<\/a> \/ KESAN)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, REDD+ projects (a deforestation mitigation mechanism overseen by the UN climate convention) in Shan State and the Bago Region faced criticism<\/a> for not being sustainable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

China Dialogue spoke to Naw Tun Aung, who directs the Kachinland Research Centre, a non-profit data bank dedicated to Myanmar\u2019s northern state of Kachin. He says that while there was much talk at policy level, it did not translate into concrete action \u2013 particularly concerning renewable energy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Moving forward, the few energy plans being followed by the SAC may be less likely to face protests, considering the junta\u2019s crackdown on dissent and the loss of certain oversight mechanisms, says Kyed. Local communities have nowhere to take their complaints anymore.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Local-level change<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In lieu of strong and systemic climate action, some localised initiatives are trying to fill the energy-transition gap.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Smart Power Myanmar, for example, partners<\/a> with communities, solar energy developers and investors to develop innovative energy solutions. The initiative is funded by the Rockefeller Foundation and implemented by Pact, a human development non-profit enterprise.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Htay explains that households are increasingly turning to solar panels in an attempt to secure more reliable power amid the energy crisis. The involvement of the Renewable Energy Association Myanmar extends to deploying solar-powered water pumping systems, although its work is restricted to areas less affected by the conflict.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"smiling<\/div>
A solar array in the backyard of Ma Thet Mar Oo, a villager in rural Myanmar (Image: Arnfinn Oines<\/a> \/ Soneva Foundation<\/a>, CC BY-NC 2.0)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

According<\/a> to the International Trade Administration, Myanmar\u2019s solar industry expanded tenfold between 2022 and 2023; solar panels are classified as priority imports, alongside fuel and medical supplies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Navigating localities is just one of many challenges that environmental organisations face in Myanmar. For example, the SAC imposes strict regulations on NGOs and civil society organisations about where and who they work with. Issues with accessing the necessary financial services are also common. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wary of legitimising the SAC, international organisations cannot engage with the de facto government, which \u201cmakes it very hard to create the kind of facilitation needed for change to happen,\u201d says a UN-Habitat expert.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UN-Habitat has, however, remained operational, the expert says. It has reconfigured its European Union-funded Myanmar Climate Change Alliance Programme to focus more on locally led climate adaptation, and improving dialogue among the non-state climate sector, he adds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Today, Myanmar\u2019s SAC-opposing National Unity Government (which formed in response to the coup and in the absence of the NLD, and is currently operating in exile) is looking at how it might work on climate change issues should the military be ousted. Meanwhile, resistance groups, such as the Karen National Union, are drawing up their own plans<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cClimate change is becoming part of this space of exhibiting a democratic will to govern and develop sustainably, in contrast to what the military is doing,\u201d says Kyed. She suggests that either the NUG or pro-democracy activists could represent Myanmar at global climate forums to progress certain climate goals: \u201cWe can\u2019t wait and rely on authoritarian military regimes to act on climate.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Tentative steps towards a just energy transition under Myanmar\u2019s civilian government have stalled since conflict broke out in 2021<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4102,"featured_media":118727,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[757],"tags":[513,13887,17073],"hashtags":[],"country":[20000117],"class_list":["post-118702","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-energy","tag-carbon-emissions","tag-conflict","tag-energy-transition","country-myanmar"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nMyanmar rulers threaten environmental progress | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Tentative steps towards a just energy transition under Myanmar\u2019s civilian government have stalled since conflict broke out in 2021\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/energy\/myanmar-rulers-threaten-environmental-progress\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Myanmar rulers threaten environmental progress\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Tentative steps towards a just energy transition under Myanmar\u2019s civilian government have stalled since conflict broke out in 2021\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/energy\/myanmar-rulers-threaten-environmental-progress\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Dialogue Earth\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-01-25T10:33:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-04-11T15:39:55+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Yangon-city-street-view_Alamy_2B30E73-1-e1706183421695-1024x683.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1024\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"683\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Rebecca L. 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