{"id":20000883,"date":"2010-05-27T10:45:50","date_gmt":"2010-05-27T10:45:50","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/184.172.177.95\/~chinad\/?p=883"},"modified":"2010-05-27T10:45:50","modified_gmt":"2010-05-27T10:45:50","slug":"in-defence-of-dams","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/water\/in-defence-of-dams\/","title":{"rendered":"In defence of dams"},"content":{"rendered":"

Building river barrages remains environmentally controversial, but Australian expert Graeme Kelleher tells Isabel Hilton what matters is how you do it.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n
\n\"\"<\/a>Engineer and water-resource expert Graeme Kelleher is the former chairman and chief executive of the\u00a0Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority<\/a>\u00a0and a former vice-chairman of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)\u00a0World Commission on Protected Areas<\/a>. Here he talks to Isabel Hilton about management of Australia\u2019s Murray-Darling river and the social importance of sound dam construction.<\/p>\n

Isabel Hilton: Tell me why you support dam building?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Graeme Kelleher: The reason is that, without dams, the human population that can be supported by almost any river system is very low. Without dams along the\u00a0Murray-Darling<\/a>\u00a0[in south-eastern Australia] for instance, no more than around 200,000 people could be supported. At present, with the dams, it supports the two million people who live there and provides food for 40 million people through export. Without the dams, because of Australia\u2019s climate, you might have no river flow for two years and it wouldn\u2019t even support 200,000. The people would have to migrate to the coast, as the\u00a0aboriginals did<\/a>.<\/p>\n

IH: So the dams distribute the availability of water over time.<\/strong><\/p>\n

GK: Yes. Without the dams, you would get a flood and lose all the water to the sea. Then it\u2019s hardly used by humans at all. That does create wetlands, but if you operate rivers correctly, you can still maintain wetlands. This is being\u00a0done<\/a>\u00a0along the Murray-Darling River right now.<\/p>\n

IH: Nevertheless, many environmentalists are opposed to dam-building and there are sound environmental criticisms of dams. How can we sort out the positive from the negative effects?<\/strong><\/p>\n

GK: The only way to do it is for environmental-impact assessments to be carried out according to the original criteria of the United States\u2019\u00a0National Environmental Policy Act<\/a>\u00a0of 1969. Under that act, the definition of \u201cenvironment\u201d was: \u201call aspects of the surroundings of man, whether affecting him as an individual or in his social groupings\u201d. A proper environmental-impact statement will look at the whole ecology, as well as the whole social arena, in addition, of course, to the financial cost-benefits.<\/p>\n

Unfortunately, most cost-benefit analyses have measured only financial transactions, or things that are assessed in monetary value. For that reason, many decades ago, the United States introduced\u00a0multi-objective planning<\/a>, which required several objectives to be combined into one plan. These might be, for instance, a reliable water supply to maintain the ecology and to maintain or improve the social environment. When I worked with the\u00a0US Environmental Protection Agency<\/a>\u00a0in 1972, we used multiple-objective planning. It\u2019s the only way to do it. Unfortunately, most agencies are given single objective tasks, so you need to get cooperation between the various organisations and most organisations don\u2019t do that voluntarily.<\/p>\n

To take the Murray-Darling River Basin for example, for 50 years there has been a\u00a0Murray-Darling Commission<\/a>, run by six [state] governments. Even with that commission, with all its persuasive powers, we did not get enough cooperation. So the Australian federal government has now established the\u00a0Murray-Darling Basin Authority<\/a>\u00a0with executive powers. It makes a difference when you have to deal with a recalcitrant state.<\/p>\n

There\u2019s another great model in the\u00a0Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority<\/a>, established by federal law. The provisions of that law override conflicting provisions of other federal or state laws. I was chairman and chief executive of that for 16 years and we never had to override federal or state laws because everybody knew that, if they didn\u2019t cooperate, we had the powers to compel them.<\/p>\n

IH: So just the power to do it kept everyone in line?<\/strong><\/p>\n

GK: Yes. It\u2019s the iron fist in the velvet glove. It works marvellously.<\/p>\n

IH: Looking at the extensive dam-building programmes worldwide \u2013 in Africa, China, or the Himalayas \u2013 how many projects would you say respond to your criteria of multi-objective views with responsible environmental-impact assessments?\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

GK: I know that the\u00a0Asian Development Bank<\/a>\u00a0and the\u00a0World Bank<\/a>\u00a0operate on those principles. But now, because of external pressure, the World Bank has abandoned\u00a0\u00a0funding dams<\/a>, which I don\u2019t agree with. Even democratic countries, left to their own devices, build dams.<\/p>\n

IH: And where dams are being built without ADB or World Bank Funding, what sort of standards are being applied?<\/strong><\/p>\n

GK: It\u2019s absolutely variable and you can\u2019t generalise. For instance, the Three Gorges Dam is\u00a0vilified<\/a>, rightly, because the conditions under which they moved the people who had to leave the storage areas were not acceptable on any basis of justice. But later dams that are being built by the Chinese do meet the criteria. The Three Gorges Dam is vilified and people look for reasons why it should be destroyed, including the\u00a0allegation<\/a>\u00a0that it caused the 2008 Sichuan earthquake \u2013 as indeed it may have. But remember, the Three Gorges Dam\u00a0saves<\/a>\u00a0the burning of 26 million tonnes of coal every year and saves thousands of Chinese people from being drowned in the\u00a0floods<\/a>\u00a0of the Yangtze River every year. The people who criticise the dam ignore these facts.<\/p>\n

IH: On the\u00a0Mississippi River<\/a>\u00a0in the United States, dams built in the 1940s cut the siltation, with the\u00a0negative effects<\/a>\u00a0that we see in the delta. Do you think that will happen on the Yangtze?<\/strong><\/p>\n

GK: Yes<\/p>\n

IH: So should the city of Shanghai be worried?<\/strong><\/p>\n

GK: It happens with every dam, but whether the effects are positive or negative varies with the situation. For instance, the Murray-Darling carries little silt, but it\u2019s so dry that it doesn\u2019t outflow. In order to get enough outflow for the\u00a0Coorong Lakes<\/a>\u00a0[a network of lagoons in south Australia] to survive \u2013 they are partially saline and have been for tens of thousands of years \u2013 we have to dredge. If we didn\u2019t have the dams and couldn\u2019t dredge, the Coorong would have died in the last 10 years. It\u2019s important to look at the positive.<\/p>\n

I am not saying that all dams are good or justified. I am saying you have to look at all of the costs and all of the benefits in order to make the decision. Anybody who has ever built a dam knows they\u00a0accumulate silt<\/a>. The dams are designed with that in mind, so to be surprised that this is happening is completely absurd. Now they are developing technologies to remove the silt as cheaply as possible and they are doing it in many parts of the world, including Australia. I am sure we will come up with methods of doing it that are not horrendously costly. Canberra couldn\u2019t exist without dams. It now has a population of\u00a0350,000<\/a>. Before the dams were there, it had a summer population of no more than 1,000 aboriginals.<\/p>\n

I think the construction of water-retaining structures is one of the major reasons why countries have become socially and environmentally viable along every major river.<\/p>\n

We are going from one extreme to the other: the old extreme was where you build dams all the time without regard to the social or ecological costs. You need to take into account all the social and ecological costs and benefits and decide whether to build the dam.<\/p>\n

To give one example of how you can change a dam regime: generally speaking, along the Murray-Darling, the water was released from the lower levels of the dams, so it was cold water. They\u00a0introduced<\/a>\u00a0species such as carp, which is not a native species and which damages the river basins significantly, and they bred very rapidly because they like cold water. The local species that required warm water at the breeding season were dying out. So now, the operational regime has been changed and the water is released at the top of the reservoir. It\u2019s warm and it\u2019s released in the breeding season to protect local species.<\/p>\n

IH: So it\u2019s about intelligent management?<\/strong><\/p>\n

GK: It\u2019s about intelligent design, decision making and management.<\/p>\n

Isabel Hilton is editor of\u00a0chinadialogue.<\/p>\n

Homepage image by\u00a0Vanessa Pike-Russell<\/a><\/p>\n

Patricia Adams of Probe International responds to Graeme Kelleher\u00a0here<\/a><\/p>\n

Also in this series:
\nJohn Briscoe praises Chinese finance abroad<\/a>
\nPeter Bosshard urges smart infrastructure<\/a>
\nBG Verghese speaks on third pole rivers<\/a>
\nJoydeep Gupta looks at tension in south Asia<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Building river barrages remains environmentally controversial, but Australian expert Graeme Kelleher tells Isabel Hilton what matters is how you do it.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":59,"featured_media":20003066,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[757,50039903],"tags":[50040314,50040707,50040328,607],"hashtags":[],"country":[50040734,20000110],"class_list":["post-20000883","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-energy","category-water","tag-dams","tag-the-third-pole","tag-water-quality","tag-water-scarcity","country-australia","country-china"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nIn defence of dams | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Building river barrages remains environmentally controversial, but Australian expert Graeme Kelleher tells Isabel Hilton what matters is how you do it.\" \/>\n<meta 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