{"id":20001131,"date":"2011-04-20T12:00:04","date_gmt":"2011-04-20T06:30:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/184.172.177.95\/~chinad\/?p=1131"},"modified":"2021-01-08T15:43:31","modified_gmt":"2021-01-08T10:13:31","slug":"patralekha-chatterjee","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/water\/patralekha-chatterjee\/","title":{"rendered":"Kashmir\u2019s urban jungle"},"content":{"rendered":"

Unbridled urban development is destroying Kashmir\u2019s precious wetlands and government apathy is to blame, writes\u00a0Athar Parvaiz\u00a0from northern India.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/strong>Srinagar<\/a>\u00a0city, the capital of\u00a0Kashmir<\/a>\u00a0nestled in the north Indian Himalayas, has witnessed massive urbanisation over recent years. Now home to 1.4 million people, the area of the city has expanded substantially, making land management a complex phenomenon. With hardly any regulation of urban growth, the inhabitants and ecology of the area \u2013 already under severe pressure from environmental hazards, siltation and encroachments \u2013 are exposed to further danger.<\/p>\n

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Experts argue that, if rapid urbanisation is allowed to continue unchecked, Kashmir\u2019s precious wetlands might vanish within a few years. This would endanger millions of animals and migratory birds that flock to Kashmir\u2019s wetlands every year. Experts warn that the number of winged visitors has steadily declined over the last few years. \u201cEncroachment of the wetlands and their siltation is the major cause of decline in the number of migratory birds,\u201d said Shahid Ahmad, an environmentalist who has worked on several wetlands in Kashmir.<\/p>\n

\u201cFor example, the Hokersar wetland, situated 16 kilometres north of Srinagar, has shrunk to 4.5 square kilometres from its original area of 13.75 square kilometres. The Haigam wetland, further north, has been reduced to almost half its original size,\u201d explained Ahmad. Many of the 500 wetlands in and around Srinagar city recorded by the Environment and Remote Sensing Department of the state government in the late 1990s have completely vanished.<\/p>\n

Mian Javed is the Environment and Remote Sensing Department\u2019s director in Srinagar. He voiced his concern that precious little has been done to save the wetlands and other natural resources like forests and wildlife: \u201cThe un-planned and un-regulated growth, industrialisation and urbanisation throughout the Himalayan state of\u00a0Jammu & Kashmir<\/a>\u00a0in general and Kashmir in particular have taken a heavy toll on our natural resources, like forests, lakes, rivers, streams and the ecosystems supported\u00a0by these assets,\u201d said Javed.<\/p>\n

Javed, previously director of Sringar\u2019s pollution control board, described the impact as alarming. \u201cThe pace of eco-restoration and rehabilitation of affected habitats is disproportionate to the rate of degradation of our environment. Huge resources are needed to restore the lost glory of our precious\u00a0but fragile eco-systems,\u201d he observed.<\/p>\n

Environmental experts say that, in the past, Srinagar\u00a0city \u2013 with its naturally-balanced environment of forests, wetlands, rich agricultural land, mountains and built-up areas \u2013 used to play host to all kinds of inhabitants. \u201cWetlands used to provide an important function regulating water regimes especially during floods,\u201d said Shahid Ahmad, who teaches environmental science at Kashmir University.\u00a0\u201cMany wildlife species also depend on these water bodies for their survival. These wetlands have been threatened either by explosive spread of obnoxious weed growth, or by increasing pollution from indiscriminate discharge of domestic effluents and run-off from agricultural fields.\u201d<\/p>\n

Dal Lake<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Nagin Lake<\/a>\u00a0have been squeezed from around 36 square kilometres to around 12.5 square kilometres due to sewage, soil erosion, agricultural run-off and deforestation. The construction of increasing numbers of floating gardens and houses in and around the lake has added to pressures. All of this has speeded up the process of\u00a0eutrophication<\/a>\u00a0in lakes, threatening the very existence of these water bodies and aquatic life.<\/p>\n

In the absence of appropriate drainage and sewerage systems, Srinagar city\u2019s effluents are directly or indirectly drained into various water bodies. The challenge of waste disposal has assumed epic proportions due to rapid population growth and unauthorised settlements that have built up in low-lying areas of Srinagar. This has had a severe impact on water quality.<\/p>\n

Several species of fish unique to the waters of Kashmir are in danger of extinction due to high levels of pollution, environmentalists say. According to\u00a0freshwater fish specialist professor AR Yousuf, excessive use of herbicides, pesticides and sub-standard fertilisers dumped into Kashmir\u2019s waters is the main threat to the survival of these fish species. Experts like Yousuf are worried that the use of such chemicals in agriculture and horticulture has seen a major increase in recent years.<\/p>\n

Yet another worrisome consequence of rapid urban expansion is the growing incidence of timber smuggling, fuelled by the construction boom. In the absence of a coherent forestry policy or sufficient regulation, this is causing widespread destruction in the forests of Kashmir. Diversion of forest land to make way for development projects is also nibbling away at precious forest resources.<\/p>\n

Sources within the state forestry department disclosed that, while some diversion of forest land for development projects is unavoidable, \u201cboth the government and construction agencies prefer to divert their projects to forest land rather than privately-owned land in order to avoid any compensation issues.\u201d<\/p>\n

The construction boom is not only feeding on forest wealth, but also consuming thousands of hectares of agricultural land. According to Nazir Ahmad Qazi, deputy director of law enforcement at Kashmir\u2019s agriculture department, more than 10,000 hectares of agricultural land in Kashmir has been converted for residential and commercial use over the past few years.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe concept of horizontal expansion, prevalent in Srinagar\u00a0for decades, is proving quite disastrous, since, unlike vertical expansion, it consumes additional space and construction material including timber,\u201d said Nissar Ahmad,\u00a0forest conservator for central Kashmir.<\/p>\n

Environmental experts in Kashmir blame the relevant government departments for the environmental mess this Himalayan state finds itself in today. \u201cWe have been urging the state government to declare a land-use policy for many years, but it is yet to come out with any such policy. That is why we are in such a terrible mess,\u201d observed professor Shakeel Ahmed Rumshoo of Kashmir University, who has done extensive environmental work in Kashmir.<\/p>\n

The government of Jammu & Kashmir has failed to prepare its State of Environment Report (SOER) \u2013 a mandatory assessment of environmental damage \u2013 even though other states and union territories in India managed to complete theirs in time to be approved by the Ministry of Environment and Forests in the 10th Five Year Plan back in 2002.<\/p>\n

\u201cMost of the (government) departments in Kashmir are yet to submit the data. We have sent many reminders underscoring the urgency of preparing the report, but there has been no response,\u201d SOER coordinator Mutahirra Abida Wahid Deva was quoted as saying in a local newspaper.<\/p>\n

Interestingly, the offending departments \u2013 including those for tourism, housing and urban development, plus the Lakes and Waterways Development Authority \u2013 all hold the key to safeguarding the environment and ecology.\u00a0But, as Deva observed, without the preparation of a comprehensive SOER, Jammu & Kashmir will lose funds under \u201cGreen India\u201d, a central government-sponsored scheme that provides money to state authorities to minimise environmental damage caused by reckless development.\u00a0Experts say that without such funds there is little hope of restoring Kashmir\u2019s water and forest resources to their original state, or avoiding further destruction.<\/p>\n

Athar Parvaiz is an environmental journalist based in Kashmir.<\/em><\/p>\n

Homepage image from\u00a0batschmidt<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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