{"id":20001302,"date":"2011-09-15T16:30:59","date_gmt":"2011-09-15T11:00:59","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/184.172.177.95\/~chinad\/?p=1302"},"modified":"2021-01-08T17:01:49","modified_gmt":"2021-01-08T11:31:49","slug":"development-is-for-other-people","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/water\/development-is-for-other-people\/","title":{"rendered":"\u201cDevelopment is for other people\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"

Farmers and fishermen don’t seem to want dams, electricity or even compensation, reflects Zhang Hong on visiting Cambodia’s\u00a0Ratanakiri province. Rather, they want to preserve their way of life.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>In the Cambodian province of Ratanakiri \u2013 bordering Vietnam to the east and Laos to the north \u2013 local people are fighting to protect their rivers from hydroelectric dams, and their lifestyles from disruption. In early August, I spent two days in Ratanakiri at the invitation of 3SPN, a local NGO focused on the \u201cthree Ss\u201d: Srepok, Sesan and Sekong, all tributaries of the mighty Mekong.<\/p>\n

\n

Founded by Cambodians, 3SPN aims to bring together communities in this north-eastern region of Cambodia to campaign for the rivers and the livelihoods that depend on them. Joining me on the trip were journalists from Hong Kong, Vietnam and Korea \u2013 all home to companies that have built or are planning to build hydroelectric dams here. 3SPN wanted to show these reporters the impact dam construction has on local lives.<\/p>\n

On our first day in Ratanakiri, we travelled to the village of Thmey, outside the provincial capital of Banlung. Lying on the Srepok River, Thmey has neither electricity nor running water. The village is home to 899 people, divided between 178 households. It has four television sets and a collection of radios \u2013 some of the richer families have small generators to provide electricity.<\/p>\n

Through a translator, village head Sela Ratha told us that people here mostly make a living through fishing and rice farming. Any surplus fish can be sold and the income used to buy new fishing equipment or other goods.<\/p>\n

Downstream Cambodia is often affected by dams built beyond its borders. Even if upstream nations carry out environmental and social impact assessments on their dams, they rarely consider what will happen over the border, much less provide compensation for people living there. Several years ago, Vietnam built a dam on the Srepok, which the fishing communities of Thmey say has made their lives more difficult.<\/p>\n

The villagers complain that the dam causes unpredictable changes in water level \u2013 meaning their nets are never in the right place. They set the nets up, then come back the next day to find that they\u2019re hanging above the water or are completely submerged, or even that they have been swept away. Via the village head, they have asked the Vietnamese to keep them informed about their dam operations, but by the time they get the phone call, the flood peak has already passed.<\/p>\n

The dams also block the path of migrating fish. In the past, a 100-metre net could catch 20 kilograms of fish in an evening. Now, it\u2019s only two or three kilograms. Water quality has also declined, as vegetation submerged by the dam waters rots. Reduced flows have also increased sedimentation, and the Srepok is turning into another \u201cYellow River\u201d (which contains more sediment than any other river in the world).<\/p>\n

The villagers know there\u2019s not much that can be done about the dams Vietnam has already built \u2013 they are more worried about one due to be constructed right next door. At the end of last year, a team of Chinese workers suddenly appeared and started drilling bore holes in the rice fields by the river. Their translator told the locals that they were carrying out a geological survey as part of proposals to build a dam. The villagers say they were never informed about the project, let alone consulted. Even the village authorities didn\u2019t know about it.<\/p>\n

With help from local NGOs, the villagers found out that, in 2008, the Cambodian government signed a memorandum of understanding with Guangxi Guiguan Electric Power on the construction of two hydropower dams on the Srepok River, with generating capacity initially planned at 300 megawatts and 100 megawatts respectively.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe don\u2019t want dams,\u201d a villager told me. On January 11 this year, they put this message in writing to the village and district governments \u2013 but have received no response.<\/p>\n

Is it really true they don\u2019t want dams under any conditions? Although I knew the villagers had strong objections to dam development, I thought that they would be asking for reasonable compensation and minimisation of the environmental and social impacts, for talks and hearings \u2013 I didn\u2019t expect their attitude to be so absolute.<\/p>\n

The first reason the villagers give is this: they don\u2019t want electricity, nor do they want hydroelectric dams. What use is electricity to this primitive fishing and farming village? Even if they wanted it, neither the government nor the company plans to give it to them \u2013 there\u2019s no distribution network. The power from the dam will go to industry in Phnom Penh, Cambodia\u2019s capital, or be exported to Vietnam. The locals will pay with their homes, but get nothing in return.<\/p>\n

What if the government gives them adequate compensation? The villagers answer that they might get a one-off payment, but that won\u2019t help their children and grandchildren. The dam will flood fields and fishing will be even harder. With no livelihoods, what use will the money be? The villagers also feel certain the government and the Chinese company will not be generous: they didn\u2019t tell the locals about the agreement with the electricity company or the feasibility study, so it\u2019s clear that they don\u2019t see any need to consider them.<\/p>\n

The villagers also report that, this year, the government leased a nearby parcel of land to a Cambodian company to use as a rubber plantation. That land included some of their rice fields, but no compensation was paid. Events like this are common in Cambodia, and the villagers are worried they will keep happening.<\/p>\n

I asked people here if they would be prepared to go and work for that company \u2013 it\u2019s a job, after all. The response was a forceful \u201cNo!\u201d The translator summed it up: \u201cThey would rather work for themselves.\u201d<\/p>\n

As in many parts of the world, villagers are facing modern realities of land acquisitions by private companies and have no choice but to sell their labour on the open market.<\/p>\n

I started to understand why, to the people of Thmey, development isn\u2019t a priority \u2013 for them, development is something for other people; they don\u2019t get anything out of it.<\/p>\n

The next day, we went to Padal Thom, near the border with Vietnam. This is a\u00a0Jarai\u00a0<\/a>village, with a population of 552, living in 103 households. The people here are even poorer, and even more dependent on fishing than in Thmey. The village used to get everything they needed from the Sesan River, but Vietnam has built five dams upstream and there are no longer enough fish \u2013 when there\u2019s not enough to eat, the villagers have to take a one hour motorbike ride to the border with Vietnam to buy more. When Typhoon Ketsana struck in 2009, the Sesan River experienced a rare flood, which carried away the village\u2019s livestock and poultry. The villagers believe the size of the flood is related to the dams upstream.<\/p>\n

The villagers here are equally firm: no dams, even if there is compensation.<\/p>\n

These people live in a \u201cpre-capitalist\u201d era, and are accustomed to traditional farming and simple living. They think their descendants can maintain the same lifestyle and see nothing wrong with it.<\/p>\n

The Jarai are\u00a0animists<\/a>, and that’s another reason they don\u2019t want to move \u2013 this is the place where generations have made sacrifices to the gods and their ancestors, and they need to stay within its protection.<\/p>\n

Some might call this \u201cignorant\u201d, even \u201cbackward\u201d. But who are we to say the lifestyles others choose aren\u2019t as good as ours, or that we must \u201chelp\u201d by giving them \u201cmore advanced\u201d ways of working and living? Surely that\u2019s the same attitude adopted by Europeans arriving in Africa and Asia in the nineteenth century.<\/p>\n

I tried to look at it from the point of view of the government and investors: without industry, Cambodia will always be at the end of the global value chain \u2013 and, with less than ideal energy resources, hydropower is the only way out. There\u2019s no alternative but to sacrifice the interests of a few for the sake of the many.<\/p>\n

But, in this case, do the benefits for the many really outweigh the costs for the few \u2013 including the environmental costs and future risks that haven\u2019t been calculated? I\u2019m not sure, but I know that for these villagers who know nothing but farming and fishing, relocation might mean hunger and disease. Have the many thought how to repay the few? Have the Chinese companies, who think all they need to do is reach a deal with the Cambodian government, heard their pleas?<\/p>\n

A Cambodian working for an international research institution, told me that there are good dams and bad dams. The World Commission on Dams has a set of detailed guidelines: if you follow these closely, you can maximise the benefits and reduce the negative impact. But those guidelines aren\u2019t compulsory, and many nations, especially developing nations, don\u2019t use them in their own projects. Even in the European Union and United States, where they are followed, new issues often arise after construction, and dams remain controversial.<\/p>\n

So is the villagers\u2019 stance \u2013 no dams at all \u2013 too extreme?<\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s because they don\u2019t have very good information,\u201d said the NGO worker. \u201cSome environmentalists just tell them about the disadvantages, but not about the advantages \u2013 and the disadvantages aren\u2019t always there.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cSo . . .\u201d he paused. \u201cYou need the best researchers mediating between the government and the environmentalists. We won\u2019t tell the government not to build dams \u2013 on the contrary, we\u2019ll tell them when you build a dam, you need to do this and this.\u201d<\/p>\n

Zhang Hong is European correspondent at Caixin.<\/em><\/p>\n

A longer version of this article first appeared on the author\u2019s\u00a0Caixin blog<\/a>.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Homepage image by\u00a0alex.ch<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Farmers and fishermen don’t seem to want dams, electricity or even compensation, reflects Zhang Hong on visiting Cambodia’s Ratanakiri province. 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