{"id":20007620,"date":"2014-03-07T11:12:27","date_gmt":"2014-03-07T11:12:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thethirdpole.net\/?p=7620"},"modified":"2020-10-01T20:40:00","modified_gmt":"2020-10-01T15:10:00","slug":"as-glaciers-retreat-in-north-india-rivers-shrink-and-floods-grow","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/as-glaciers-retreat-in-north-india-rivers-shrink-and-floods-grow\/","title":{"rendered":"As glaciers retreat in north India, rivers shrink and floods grow"},"content":{"rendered":"

The Tawi River once surged through the city of Jammu in northern India so deep and swift that residents were forced to take a boat to get across. Today the sluggish waterway is barely knee deep for much of the year, its bed a dumping ground for untreated city waste.<\/p>\n

What has changed in half a century? In part, retreating glaciers and deforestation that are changing the river\u2019s flow, leading to both increasingly dry periods and worsening floods.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe glaciers and barrier lakes in the Jujdhar and Seojdhar ranges, which contribute a larger share of water to Tawi, have almost disappeared,\u201d said M.M. Munshi, retired director of operations in Jammu and Kashmir state for the Geological Survey of India, and one of those who used to cross the Tawi by boat.<\/p>\n

Right now, \u201cwater flow in all the rivers in the state is decreasing. The perpetual snow line in Jammu and Kashmir has gone up to 16,000 feet from 13,000 feet in the last hundred years,\u201d said Munshi, who continues to consult on groundwater and glacier issues for the geological survey.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s happening at an alarming rate because of a combination of factors like global warming, shrinking forest cover and increasing human interference. … If the water flow keeps receding at this rate, people won\u2019t get water for even drinking,\u201d he warned.<\/p>\n

These changes are affecting most of all those who relied on plentiful water for their livelihoods. Farmers in Goran, Sumbh and Nard villages in Kathua district say they have abandoned traditional crops such as paddy rice for maize and beans, which need less water as the Basantar River has become a seasonal river.<\/p>\n

From shortage to flood<\/strong><\/h2>\n

But water shortages are not the only consequence of changing weather patterns. During the wet season, extremely heavy rainfall frequently causes the region\u2019s rivers to flood, eroding agricultural land and damaging standing crops.<\/p>\n

Jassore village, situated on the left bank of Tawi in Jammu district, loses large tracts of farmland to flash floods every year. About 20 families in the village have been displaced, but district officials say that building embankments along the river to protect the land would be too expensive.<\/p>\n

\u201cMy house is barely at a distance of 20 feet from the river and I fear it will get washed away in the flash flood any time soon,\u201d said a worried villager, Sham Lal.<\/p>\n

Livestock, as well as crops, are threatened. \u201cWhile we were crossing the Tawi, my 18 buffaloes and two cows were washed away in a flash flood,\u201d said Mohammad Shafi, a milkman of Katiyal Kalai village in Jammu district, recounting an incident three years ago. \u201cI had a narrow escape.\u201d<\/p>\n

Rangers on the Pakistani side of the river eventually returned most of the livestock, which managed to swim to the other side, but two buffalo were killed, Shafi said.<\/p>\n

People crossing the Tawi River or working along it similarly have been washed away by flash floods, villagers in the area report.<\/p>\n

What is driving change?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

The main reasons for the flash floods are the loss of forests and other green cover in the river\u2019s catchment, combined with quarrying and sand mining in riverbeds, according to Bushan Parimoo, president of the Environment Awareness Forum, a nongovernmental organisation that is leading a \u201cSave Tawi\u201d campaign.<\/p>\n

\u201cDue to loss of greenery, the soil can\u2019t retain the rain water. A large number of traditional ponds and wetlands have been encroached upon,\u201d Parimoo said. \u201cConsequently, most of the rain water flows into the rivers, triggering flash floods.\u201d<\/p>\n

Parimoo called for a range of responses, including intensive forest planting, a ban on extensive excavation of the riverbed, the revival of ponds and wetlands and construction of barrages. \u201cOtherwise there is no hope,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n

Jammu has a limited network of irrigation canals, but the depletion of its rivers is causing the most distant canals to dry up every summer, posing a threat to agriculture. Sushil Aima, chief engineer for irrigation and flood control in Jammu, said that his department is responding by constructing check dams and barrages for water storage as well as reviving traditional ponds to recharge groundwater.<\/p>\n

Besides losing their water, rivers are also experiencing environmental deterioration from the dumping of untreated municipal and industrial waste.<\/p>\n

Yash Paul, a scientist at Jammu and Kashmir State Pollution Control Board said that growing urban areas and great industrialisation are leading to more pollution in large stretches of rivers such as the Devika in Udhampur district.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe river has become polluted to the extent that one can\u2019t even take a bath in it,\u201d he said. \u201cIf water flow keeps receding in the rivers and the pollution level keeps increasing, as is happening now, it\u2019s going to have serious impact on human beings, livestock and crops.\u201d<\/p>\n

Enough drinking water?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

An acute shortage of drinking water in the region has led to demonstrations by protesters during the past few summers. The state government now is setting up several water treatment plants on rivers in the area to meet demand for drinking water and has started an awareness campaign. It is also encouraging the formation of village sanitation committees to revive traditional ponds and other water bodies to try to restore groundwater levels.<\/p>\n

Suresh Chugh, director of the state\u2019s Department of Ecology, Environment and Remote Sensing, said in an interview that at least 10 state government departments were working together to develop and implement a climate change action plan for the state, including reviving the local Himalayan ecosystem to boost water security.<\/p>\n

\u201cJammu and Kashmir has been categorized as one of the most vulnerable states in the country,\u201d Chugh said. \u201cSince (we are) a food deficit state, the depleting water resources pose greater risks.\u201d<\/p>\n

Officials are also working on new agricultural policies because \u201cwe are witnessing some visible changes in the cropping pattern,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n

Chugh said that a team of more than 100 scientists at the state\u2019s Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology was developing drought-resistant crops for farmers.<\/p>\n

This article was first published by Thomson Reuters Foundation<\/a> and is republished here with permission.<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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