{"id":20009214,"date":"2014-10-14T11:40:27","date_gmt":"2014-10-14T11:40:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thethirdpole.net\/?p=9214"},"modified":"2020-10-01T20:44:02","modified_gmt":"2020-10-01T15:14:02","slug":"indias-groundwater-drops-to-critical-levels","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/water\/indias-groundwater-drops-to-critical-levels\/","title":{"rendered":"India\u2019s groundwater drops to critical levels"},"content":{"rendered":"

India\u2019s groundwater tables are plunging at an alarming rate with reserves in some states dwindling to critical levels, according to the latest report<\/a> from the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) \u2013 the apex body under the Ministry of Water Resources.<\/p>\n

Over 16% of the country\u2019s groundwater resources are \u2018over-exploited\u2019 \u2013 mainly in north-western, western and peninsular India. Groundwater extraction in some states \u2013including Delhi, Haryana, Punjab and Rajasthan \u2013 has reached 100% (when annual extraction exceeds water availability) which, experts say, will have huge ramifications for agriculture, livelihoods and the whole economy.<\/p>\n

Unregulated use has also led to over extraction in Himachal Pradesh and western Uttar Pradesh according to the report. Gujarat, Daman and Diu in the west and Karnataka and Tamil Nadu in the south have also been put on high alert as groundwater extraction has reached over 70% of available resources, putting it on the threshold of \u2018critical\u2019. Agriculture is the biggest consumer of groundwater, according to the CWGB, accounting for 91% of withdrawals every year, while domestic and industrial withdrawals account for the remaining 9%.<\/p>\n

The situation in the capital city of Delhi is particularly dire, where nearly 500,000 illegal borewells suck up the city’s groundwater. Almost 16% of Delhi\u2019s urban households and 30% of its rural ones don\u2019t have sufficient drinking water throughout the year, according to a National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) study.<\/p>\n

Weak monsoons due to climate change have further eroded India’s groundwater reserves. “Groundwater mainly depends on rainfall for recharge, so deficient rains mean less groundwater availability. A failed monsoon leads farmers to draw deeper from groundwater to irrigate their crops, which pushes water tables down further,” explained a CWGB official.<\/p>\n

The key agricultural states of Punjab and Haryana \u2013 which provide food security for the nation \u2013 received only half the normal rainfall this monsoon season, a recurrent pattern over the past 16 years. Punjab, according to the Indian Meteorological Department figures, has only seen two normal monsoon rainfalls since 1999. In Haryana, rains have been above normal in just four of the last 16 monsoons.<\/p>\n

This trend has dire implications for agriculture which relies heavily on groundwater. “The situation calls for an urgent revamp of groundwater policy,\u201d argued Dr Subodh Wagle, professor of water policy at the Tata Institute of Social Studies, Mumbai. \u201cDespite the 1986 Environment Protection Act, which mandates judicious use of groundwater, the precious resource continues to be depleted in several new areas,” he said.<\/p>\n

India is the largest groundwater user in the world, according to the World Bank<\/a> – using nearly a quarter of the global total. This is partly because of decentralised access to water in the country. India\u2019s12th Five-Year Plan (2012\u201317) recognises groundwater is being exploited beyond sustainable levels, but policy makers have failed \u00a0to reverse the trend. With an estimated 30 million groundwater structures in play, India may be hurtling towards a crisis of over-extraction and quality deterioration. “If current trends continue, within 20 years 60% of all aquifers in India will be in a critical condition,\u201d warned the World Bank in a recent report<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Water levels in 56% of wells in the country declined in 2013, compared to the average of the preceding decade (2003-2012), according to the Central Water Resources Board<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Urban sprawl deepens crisis<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Unchecked urbanisation has only added to the mess. Construction is driving groundwater extraction in the National Capital Region (NCR), encompassing New Delhi and the surrounding areas. The National Green Tribunal<\/a> \u2013 which provides a forum for environmental protection cases \u2013 prohibits the use of groundwater for construction work. Yet, authorities in the nearby Noida city supply cheap water to the construction industry, explained environmentalist and Noida resident Vikrant Tongad, who has been spearheading a local environmental movement. Tongad said there were 330 ongoing building projects in Noida and the surrounding area which have brought the region to the brink of a water crisis.<\/p>\n

The Millennial city of Gurgaon<\/a>, one of India\u2019s fastest growing districts, fares no better. Here, the groundwater table is receding thanks to the hundreds of buildings housing multinational corporations which have mushroomed in a city that barely existed two decades ago. The failure of civic agencies to cope with the city\u2019s exponential population growth has only aggravated the situation.<\/p>\n

Solutions lie in agriculture \u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/h2>\n

However, any solution to the country\u2019s complex groundwater crisis will lie in tackling agricultural water use \u2013 India\u2019s thirstiest sector. Dr Shashank Shekhar, from the department of geology at Delhi University, advocates a multi-pronged approach. “A large part of the problem in the northern region is caused by the injudicious use of water by the farming community in Punjab,\u201d he said. \u201cThe farmers’ erroneous belief that the more they irrigate land, the higher their yields and profits will be, is worsening the situation. Farmers need to be sensitised to the fact that it isn’t excessive irrigation, but efficient<\/em> irrigation that will give higher yields without draining the water table.”<\/p>\n

Authorities also need to look at the excessive cultivation of rice in Punjab, Shekhar added. Rice cultivation \u2013 a relatively new trend \u2013 is consuming huge amounts of groundwater. “Punjab has always been a wheat-growing state, but farmers are increasingly taking to growing rice which is a water-intensive crop. This is primarily happening due to market dynamics as rice now fetches higher returns for farmers due to increased demand.”<\/p>\n

Similarly, in western India\u2019s Maharashtra state, especially in the Deccan Basalt region, water-intensive crash crops like sugar cane and cotton are leeching groundwater reserves. “The inequitable distribution of water from canal\/dam water which forces farmers to use up groundwater is largely to blame,” said Shekhar.<\/p>\n

Wagle argued informed deliberative processes must be set in motion, involving stakeholders from hamlets to the higher authorities. Tampering with environmental laws (driven by the many vested interests in the political economy) also needs to stop, \u201cotherwise we will witness more and more water conflicts,\u201d he warned.<\/p>\n

“The irony is that despite India being one of the world’s most water-rich nations, the government and citizens have blatantly exploited their water bodies and sucked them up dry\u201d, a senior CWPF official told thethirdpole.net.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe government has only made things worse with its lop-sided policies. If this myopic approach continues, the day isn’t far when neither cities nor villages in India will have any potable water.”<\/p>\n

Neeta Lal is a Delhi-based editor and journalist. She has been nominated for this year’s Global Media Summit Award for Editorial Excellence instituted by the BBC, Reuters, Kyodo and Xinhua news agency <\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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