{"id":20017123,"date":"2015-12-28T06:48:52","date_gmt":"2015-12-28T06:48:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thethirdpole.net\/?p=17123"},"modified":"2021-05-12T21:05:38","modified_gmt":"2021-05-12T15:35:38","slug":"ganga-river-pollution","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/water\/ganga-river-pollution\/","title":{"rendered":"Ganga more polluted than ever, despite Indian government\u2019s action plans"},"content":{"rendered":"

In July 2014, soon after the Narendra Modi government took over, an unlikely mix of two ministers, technical experts, environment activists and Hindu priests, among others, pondered over ways to clean up and rejuvenate India\u2019s largest and holiest river, the Ganga<\/a>. This was not the first attempt at tackling pollution of the Ganga river. In 1986 the Indian government had launched the first phase of the Ganga Action Plan (GAP-I)<\/a> to protect the main Ganga basin at selected stretches along 25 cities in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal states. The government launched an expanded second phase GAP-II<\/a> in 1993 to include four key tributaries \u2013 Damodar, Gomti, Mahanadi and Yamuna. In 2009, the Indian government gave the Ganga the status of a \u2018national river\u2019 and re-launched GAP with a reconstituted National Ganga River Basin Authority, and focused on the entire river basin.<\/p>\n

Impacts on the river<\/h2>\n

None of these seem to have made the river any cleaner, and the new action plan by the Indian government has been met with a cynicism by those that have experienced past failures. Bhagirath Singh, a seventy year old man from Uttar Pradesh who migrated to Delhi to work as a washerman along the banks of the river Yamuna, a tributary of the Ganga, is one such person. He grinned when thethirdpole.net<\/a> mentioned the new national campaign. \u201cIt\u2019s all talk,\u201d he said, dismissively. \u201cLook at Yamuna. It is like a toxic drain.\u201d<\/p>\n

His observation is not without merit. As it travels from the Himalayas into the Indo-Gangetic plains before emptying into the Bay of Bengal the Ganga is injected with a deadly cocktail of industrial pollutants and heavy metals. The river passes through five Indian states covering 26% of the country\u2019s land and supporting 43% of its population, and all of them are helping pollute it further rather than clean it up.<\/p>\n

\"Indian<\/a>
Indian Prime Minister hosts a meeting on cleaning the Ganga [image by Narendra Modi’s official Flickr account]<\/figcaption><\/figure>In July 2013 a report by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) made an inventory of 764 grossly polluting industries discharging wastewater to main stem of the Ganga, either directly or through drains, and its two major tributaries Kali-east and Ramganga in Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal. \u00a0The CPCB team found that industries consumed 1,123 million litres and discharged 500 million litres of effluent waters every day. Among the industrial units, the tannery sector dominates, while for wastewater discharge, the pulp and paper sectors dominate, followed by chemical and sugar sector. 90% of these industries operate in the Uttar Pradesh stretch of the river.<\/p>\n

Nothing has changed since then. In fact isolated studies even indicate that the pollution is increasing rather decreasing despite the many campaigns, including in stretches which were once thought clean. In September 2015, a team led by Jitendra Pandey at the Ganga river ecology research laboratory in the Banaras Hindu University\u2019s (BHU\u2019s) environmental science division reported findings from their study along a 37-km stretch of the river to assess heavy metal concentrations upstream and downstream of Varanasi. They reported in Applied Water Science<\/em> that the metal concentration rose consistently<\/a> along the study gradient. The concentration in the river sediment was the highest for iron, followed by manganese, zinc, chromium, copper, nickel, lead and cadmium.<\/p>\n

The BHU study followed on the heels of a study in and near Allahabad<\/a> published in Environment Monitoring and Assessment<\/em> on 30 August 2015 by Munmum Chakravorty and colleagues at the department of earth and planetary sciences at the Nehru Science Centre in the University of Allahabad.\u00a0 The study attempted to measure the amount of heavy metal pollution and its effect on the water chemistry, using magnetic techniques, in water samples in and near Allahabad city. They found \u201ca significant increase\u201d in the concentration of all heavy metals, including lead, zinc, vanadium, nickel, chromium, cobalt and manganese in sewage and mixed water samples due to increased effluent discharge from the catchment area.<\/p>\n

They noted that earlier studies had already shown that the Ganga and Yamuna are already on, \u201cthe verge of a mega-environmental disaster due to pollutant discharge at various locations such as New Delhi, Mathura, Agra, Kanpur, Allahabad, Varanasi, Patna, Kolkata.\u201d These cities house various small scale industrial units which produce leather, paint and pigment, paper pulp, domestic sewage, metal-alloys, and electric batteries. All of the effluents from these manufacturing processes \u2013 which use high amounts of heavy metals and chemicals \u2013 end up in the rivers.<\/p>\n

A second study into the presence of heavy metals as pollutants was also conducted by a team led by Janardhan Raju, professor at the School of Environmental Sciences at the Jawaharlal Nehru University in Delhi. This study assessed soil pollution in and around Varanasi<\/a> and was published in Environmental Monitoring Assessment <\/em>on 12 May 2015. Raju\u2019s study suggested that a policy of zero discharge of industrial effluents into the Ganga needed to be taken as an impetus. Otherwise the continuing release of heavy metals \u2013 especially by the leather industry \u2013 would have a catastrophic effect on the health of those living by the river.<\/p>\n

Ganga pollution picture unclear<\/h2>\n

Unfortunately these studies are scattered, covering only parts of the route of the river, and while these areas show an increase in pollution, there is little data on how the whole river system is faring, nor do academics know how to do so. Chakravorty, for example, does not have definite plans to extend her research on heavy metal contamination in the Ganga. \u201cWe depend on grants from funding agency. As of now, we need to apply for one,\u201d she said.<\/p>\n

A 2014 briefing paper<\/a> by the Delhi-based NGO, the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), observed that \u201cindustrial pollution into the main Ganga has been an issue of attention and focus, but without much success. The problem is that many of the industries that discharge noxious chemical pollutants into the river are small-scale, where technologies for treatment are inadequate or unaffordable.\u201d The CSE paper recommended tightening of enforcement of industrial pollution norms. \u00a0In Uttar Pradesh, records show that almost all industries inspected by the CPCB in 2013 \u201care in breach of existing standards.\u201d However since the release of the paper CSE has not found any signs of improvement.\u00a0 \u201cThere are good policies and programmes to clean up the Ganga, but they are on paper only. There is negligible action on the ground,\u201d said Sushmita Sengupta, a CSE research analyst.<\/p>\n

Without any attempts on the ground to regulate the main polluters into the Ganga, the new action plan of the government seems to be failing. Unfortunately because no mapping of\u00a0 pollution along the whole river has been done, the one question we cannot answer is how badly the plan is failing, and how many more Indians living by the Ganga are now at risk from the pollutants that are flowing in the waters, and seeping into the soil across the Indo-Gangetic plains.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Pollution levels, especially in heavy metals, continue to rise around the Ganga, two years after the new Indian government vowed to clean the river<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2194,"featured_media":20037912,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[760,50039903],"tags":[20000005,20000341],"hashtags":[],"country":[20000111],"class_list":["post-20017123","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-pollution","category-water","tag-ganga","tag-water-pollution","country-india"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nGanga river more polluted than ever, despite government\u2019s action plans |<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Pollution levels, especially in heavy metals, continue to rise around the Ganga, two years after the new Indian government vowed to clean the river\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, 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