{"id":20019260,"date":"2016-06-24T06:49:17","date_gmt":"2016-06-24T01:19:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thethirdpole.net\/?p=19260"},"modified":"2021-04-29T16:42:10","modified_gmt":"2021-04-29T11:12:10","slug":"climate-blight-is-harming-the-mango","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/climate-blight-is-harming-the-mango\/","title":{"rendered":"Climate blight is harming the mango"},"content":{"rendered":"

There\u2019s no one better than Vivek Bhide for information and lore about the famed Alphonso mango of Ratnagiri. Known for the excellent quality of his Alphonso mangoes, which Bhide sells under the Fruit King brand, he constantly fields calls from customers far and wide in the mango season.<\/p>\n

It is not the only reason Bhide is popular. Like his father and grandfather, he has a thriving medical practice in Ganpatipule, a pilgrimage town and beach resort in Maharashtra. He is also an environmental activist and head of the trust that runs the temple in his hometown. Bhide is a man of science, a man of the people, and a man of mango.<\/p>\n

He is also a man who is paying the price of increasing unpredictability of weather. \u201cIf the humidity is high, fungal diseases hit the fruit on the trees. If the heat increases, pests attack in numbers,\u201d Bhide said. The grower has no option but to use excessive pesticides, which increases input costs.<\/p>\n

Averse to environmental toxins, Bhide doesn\u2019t like pesticides. \u201cFor farmers, seasonal changes are linked to festivals like Makar Sakranti (in January) and Shivratri (February-March). These changes determine the flowering, pollination as well as the setting and maturation of fruit,\u201d he said. \u201cFarmers need these changes to be predictable. Climate change is making them increasingly unpredictable.\u201d<\/p>\n

A large portion of the produce that arrived in the Vashi fruit market in Navi Mumbai in the summer of 2015 was blotched, black spots ruining the appearance of one of India\u2019s most coveted varieties. Traders complained of not getting a good price. The main reason for the blighted crop was unseasonal rains in February that to fungal diseases in the orchards.<\/p>\n

Fungal menace<\/strong><\/p>\n

What the scientists call anthracnose, local farmers and traders call anthrax. Vidyadhar Joshi is aware of both terms. Before he returned to his village Devgad in Sindhudurg district \u2013 as famous as Ratnagiri for its Alphonso mangoes \u2013 he completed a college degree programme in food processing from a Mumbai college. \u201cI watch my rain gauge like other people pray or light incense sticks to deities. On February 28, 2015, we got 5.8 millimetre of rainfall. The next day, it rained for three hours.\u201d He immediately set off to spray his trees with the fungicide dipheniconazole \u2014 \u201c0.5 ml,\u201d Joshi specifies \u2014 because fungal spores spread rapidly in humid conditions.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe trees I could spray within three days were not hit by the disease. But it takes me 13 days to cover all my trees.\u201d Apart from the orchards he has inherited, Joshi takes up several other orchards on contract. Most landowners are not keen to attend to their land. Joshi is different; he is passionate about horticulture, and hounds agriculture scientists with his problems till they respond.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe trees I could not reach in time were hit very badly. The fungi hit the larger fruits, which command a better price in the market, in particular. I lost a lot of time, money and investment,\u201d he said. \u201cThe same happened in 2008.\u201d His phone rang ceaselessly, as desperate farmers tried to reach him for advice; Joshi leads a farmers\u2019 group and organises interactive sessions with government scientists for them. Small farmers lack the training and information to deal with such new problems.<\/p>\n

Large farmers have their own problems. With more than 12,000 trees to attend to, Desai Bandhu Ambewale, perhaps the largest mango grower in Maharashtra\u2019s Konkan region and certainly the most famous, employs 450 workers in peak season; about 100 workers are employed around the year. \u201cYet it takes us eight days to cover all our trees. The effects of weather changes or a sharp change in temperature hits the trees immediately,\u201d said Anand Desai, one of the two cousins who run this company, the fourth generation in-charge.<\/p>\n

Known for the aroma of its fruit, the peculiar sugar-acid blend, and delicate, fibre-free pulp, the Alphonso trees are extremely sensitive to changes. The more knowledgeable growers point out a peculiar problem related to temperature increase in the flowering stage: male flowers severely outnumber hermaphrodite flowers, warping the ratio required for pollination and fruit set. The mango tree cross-pollinates; male and hermaphrodite flowers bloom at different times, leaving no room for self-pollination.<\/p>\n

It is not possible to prove directly that each of these changes is due to climate change; their causes and effects vary from place to place, season to season. Yet these are the effects of climate change that scientists have projected all along: Greater variability of temperature and rainfall, disruption of familiar weather patterns, and greater unpredictability.<\/p>\n

Climate change is a term that readily comes to Sheikh Insram Ali, president of the Mango Growers\u2019 Association of India, also on the board of directors of the National Horticulture Board. His orchards are in Malihabad, a village near Lucknow famous for the Dashehri mango. Each season, he stresses, sudden weather changes mar the output of the growers, making it increasingly an unviable business.<\/p>\n

\"Sheikh<\/a>
Sheikh Insram Ali, president of Mango Growers\u2019 Association of India, said sudden weather changes mar the output of growers [image by Sopan Joshi]<\/figcaption><\/figure>Risk and uncertainty<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cSo many growers now want to get out of mangoes because of increasing risk and uncertainty. It is difficult to recover investments, forget about making profits. And this is happening when the cost of cultivation is spiralling. People continue to invest so much time and money in mangoes only because they don\u2019t have other means livelihood,\u201d said Ali. He routinely hears growers describe problems related to weather. \u201cEven if you discount for all kinds of seasonal variability, nothing explains changes on this scale year after year.\u201d<\/p>\n

Kaleemuddin Siddiqui can describe some of these, from the fog and storms to the unseasonal heat. He manages his ancestral orchards in the town of Amroha in Uttar Pradesh, 130 km east of Delhi; the town\u2019s name is believed to draw from the Hindi and Urdu name of mango: aam. \u201cWe believe the winter fog is beneficial to mango trees. It works like a blanket, keeping out the winter chill. I\u2019ve noticed the flowering is much better after the winter fog.\u201d<\/p>\n

The absence of fog means chill bite in the winter of the northern river plains. Siddiqui said the crop of 2015 was hit by a severe winter. This year\u2019s crop was better as the mild winter let to bounteous flowering. The fruit setting was good also. But then came unseasonal rains in February and storms of an intensity not seen for a few years. Many fruit dropped off the trees before maturing. \u201cFruit that could have gone for INR 25-30 per kg in the market was hustled for INR 2-3 kg,\u201d Siddiqui says.<\/p>\n

\"A<\/a>
A mango tree in Dashehri village of Kakori block in Lucknow district of Uttar Pradesh [image by Sopan Joshi]<\/figcaption><\/figure>Andhra Pradesh in the south ranks second among the mango producing states, after Uttar Pradesh. The south-western areas of the state \u2013 the dry region around Chittoor \u2013 are famous for producing mango that feeds the pulping plants (to make juices and other processed goods), while the north-eastern parts around Vijaywada are famous for the juicy varieties. After several consecutive years of drought, the Chittoor area experienced excessive rainfall since the last monsoon. While the much needed water was godsend, it did not lead to a good mango crop, said Chandrashekhar Reddy, a reputed mango grower from the Thalupulapalli village in Chittoor. \u201cPrices climbed up. Farmers who got some produce profited from the high prices,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n

Lack of quality produce<\/strong><\/p>\n

Shadab Hussain frequents the agricultural markets to buy mangoes for the pulping plant run by the family company, TASA Foods Pvt Ltd of Bangalore, perhaps the largest supplier in India of fruit pulp and purees. He said the high prices this season are cutting the margins for the exporters, because the international pulp demand is not high enough to support such prices. \u201cBesides, there is a dearth in the market of quality produce. The excessive rains mean the water content of the mangoes is high and the Brix level<\/a> (a measure of sugar content) is low. That doesn\u2019t help the pulping plants.\u201d<\/p>\n

Gujarat is emerging as a big producer of mangoes. The Vashi market is a hub of mango export. The exporters buy their produce from large traders who are known to deal in quality fruit. This summer, exporters were seen going from trader to trader, and not finding the quality that can satisfy their foreign trade partners.<\/p>\n

Cheating with chemicals<\/strong><\/p>\n

The market has its ways to compensate for the variability in quality and lack of timeliness of supply. The means are not always clean. \u201cGrowers send us immature fruit because they cannot risk waiting for the fruit to mature,\u201d said a trader in Vashi, who did not want to be named. \u201cThe retailers know the produce is not up to the mark, so they ripen it with calcium carbide<\/a>, which is banned due to safety concerns. The retailers don\u2019t have the margin to wait and let their fruit ripen properly in a ripening chamber. Calcium carbide gives them control over the stock they need to sell.\u201d<\/p>\n

Alphonso growers are also using whatever means they can to ensure a regular and timely crop despite the increasing unpredictability. For many growers, it means abusing a growth hormone regulator called paclobutrazol. This retards vegetative growth of a tree, making it commit its resources to flowering and fruit. Used carefully and sparingly, this can actually help. But few farmers exercise that caution. \u201cI tried it on some of my trees,\u201d said Bhide. \u201cThe trees became deformed and unhealthy. I don\u2019t use it at all now. In fact, my labels mention clearly that paclobutrazol has not been used.\u201d<\/p>\n

The more discerning consumers<\/a> of mango often complain of the lack of quality now. The effects of climate change are not readily predicted; in fact, the greatest effect is unpredictability. This is hitting India\u2019s favourite fruit in several ways. Growers and markets are coping with the changes in ways that they can. One cost of this trade-off is the fine taste of the best varieties.<\/p>\n

A research fellow at the Gandhi Peace Foundation in New Delhi, Sopan Joshi is working on a book on mangoes for the Aleph Book Company.<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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