{"id":20023577,"date":"2017-12-21T12:40:54","date_gmt":"2017-12-21T07:10:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thethirdpole.net\/?p=23577"},"modified":"2021-04-22T20:23:41","modified_gmt":"2021-04-22T14:53:41","slug":"benchmark-glaciers-in-the-himalayas-keep-receding","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/benchmark-glaciers-in-the-himalayas-keep-receding\/","title":{"rendered":"Benchmark glaciers in the Himalayas keep receding"},"content":{"rendered":"

Located just three kilometres from the Hindu shrine of Badrinath, Mana is the last village near the India-China border. At a height of more than 3,000 metres and known for its condiments, handicrafts and herbal tea, the village is a special attraction for pilgrims and tourists alike.<\/span><\/p>\n

It is also the gateway to an arduous walk to two important Himalayan glaciers \u2014 Satopanth and Bhagirath-Kharak. With enthusiastic trekkers trickling in, Mana remains abuzz between May and October every year. But these two glaciers are retreating, slowly and continuously.<\/span><\/p>\n

Satopanth and Bhagirath-Kharak are among the most monitored and analysed glaciers in the Himalayas. Their snouts are separated by just 1.5 kilometres and there is little difference in their altitudes; Satopanth is situated at 3,870 metres above sea level and Bhagirath-Kharak at 3,796 metres.<\/span><\/p>\n

Satopanth is the origin of the Alaknanda river, and Bhagirath-Kharak is the source of a stream called the Uttar Ganga. Both watercourses merge after covering a short distance and become one of the largest tributaries of the Ganga.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
The Satopanth lake in the Himalayas [image by: Aditya Mishra]<\/figcaption><\/figure>Benchmark glaciers<\/b><\/p>\n

These two mid-sized glaciers are termed benchmark glaciers; their length and size make them ideal for scientific study. They are also easily accessible, making it possible for researchers to conduct ground experiments. Interestingly, India\u2019s famous Gangotri glacier isn\u2019t a preferred glacier for field studies as it is too long at 30 kilometres, whereas Satopanth and Bhagirath-Kharak are just 13 and 18.5 kilometres long.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThe size is crucial. Gangotri glacier, being too large, isn\u2019t feasible for study and analysis because you can\u2019t access it more than 3-4 km,\u201d Harish Chandra Nainwal, Head of the Geology Department in Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University<\/a> in Uttarakhand, told indiaclimatedialogue.net<\/a>. \u201cHowever, the situation is different at the Satopanth and Bhagirath-Kharak glaciers. They are average in size and length and much of the glaciers is accessible, which is an ideal scenario for any researcher.\u201d Nainwal has been researching these two glaciers for more than 10 years.<\/p>\n

Due to their inaccessibility, information about glaciers is often gathered by remote sensing technique. There are very few glaciers like Satopanth and Bhagirath-Kharak that are constantly monitored on the ground as well. \u201cThe fieldwork and ground validation of the information gathered by satellite is important and it is regularly being done here at Satopanth and Bhagirath-Kharak,\u201d S.P. Sati, a geologist who is working in Himalayas for several years, told indiaclimatedialogue.net<\/a>. Satopanth glacier is 21 square kilometres in size, whereas the Bhagirath-Kharak is around 31 square kilometres.<\/p>\n

\"\"
The snout of the Satopanth glacier [image by: Prabhat Semwal]<\/figcaption><\/figure>Climate change is nowhere more visible that in the regular shrinkages of these two glaciers. A study <\/span>published in the Annals of Glaciology journal<\/span><\/a> confirms the regular thinning of the glaciers and the retreat of their snouts. The study also says that official topographic maps are not entirely accurate.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cBased on several old records and maps, we have presented evidence that while the glacier front of Satopanth Glacier and Bhagirath-Kharak glacier depicted in the Survey of India’s (1962) topographic maps are inaccurate, the coordinates and elevation are fairly accurate,\u201d it says. \u201cThis has led to revised estimates of the area vacated and snout retreat in the last 57 years.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Initially, the study of glaciers by the Geological Survey of India in the 1960s and 1970s was mainly done through remote sensing, and focused on the position of the snout of a glacier \u2013 done annually to ascertain the rate at which a glacier was retreating, or in rare cases, advancing.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThey tried to measure it (by satellite imaging) every year in several glaciers across the Himalayas but soon realised that it wasn\u2019t the perfect way to know the health of a glacier,\u201d said an expert during a recent Satopanth trek. \u201cThe measurement of net mass balance of glaciers is a much more reliable method.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

A glacier is divided in two zones \u2014 snow and ice deposits are found in the accumulation zone, and the loss of ice due to melting takes place in the ablation zone. Mass balance is the difference between the accumulation and ablation of snow on any glacier. An advancing glacier will have a positive mass balance, and a retreating glacier will have a negative mass balance.<\/span><\/p>\n

Harish Chandra Nainwal is the head of the geology department at Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University in Uttarakhand. He and his team initiated glaciological studies on the Satopanth glacier in 2013 and found the mass balance to be around two metres less than the water equivalent for 2015. Estimates of the glacier’s mass balance for subsequent years are still being analysed and will be published next year. <\/span><\/p>\n

Almost all Himalayan glaciers are retreating, including Gangotri, Satopanth and Bhagirath-Kharak. Field research and ground validation has shown that the snouts of the Satopanth and Bhagirath-Kharak glaciers have retreated at a rate of 5.7 and 6.0 metres per year respectively. The Gangotri glacier has been retreating much faster at a rate of 19 metres every year between 1935 and 1999. In recent years, however, the rate of retreat of the Gangotri glacier has slowed down.<\/span><\/p>\n

Moraine cover<\/b><\/p>\n

While experts have attributed the retreat of glaciers to the warming climate, they also say that moraine cover helps Himalayan glaciers protect themselves from melting. More than 65% of Satopanth\u2019s total length is covered by moraine (an accumulation of glacial debris), which protects the glacier from melting by minimising the impact of direct sunlight.<\/span><\/p>\n

Both Satopanth and Bhagirath-Kharak are experiencing a similar warming climate, but a regular avalanche-feed from snow peaks keeps adding to their mass.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThere have been justified concerns for our glaciers,\u201d Nainwal told <\/span>indiaclimatedialogue.net<\/span><\/a>. \u201cWe all know they are melting and retreating. But still, they are not as unhealthy in given climatic conditions as they are shown in the media.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

There are various factors affecting the health of glaciers. In recent years, erratic rain and snowfall patterns have been observed more frequently in the Himalayan region.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cEarlier, rain would not fall after a certain height, but now rain is happening even at the height of the Satopanth and Bhagirath-Kharak glaciers,\u201d Aditya Mishra, a research scholar, told <\/span>indiaclimatedialogue.net<\/span><\/a>. \u201cSnowfall has decreased and it often takes place at a season when it is not expected or required.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Peculiar things are happening at these heights in the Himalayas. At 4,350 metres, the moraine-dammed Satopanth Taal (lake) has shrunk significantly in the last few years. On the other hand, many new small lakes are forming at the top of glaciers. There are many reasons for this, but all are due to the faster melting of Himalayan glaciers.<\/span><\/p>\n

This article first appeared on indiaclimatedialogue.net<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The steady retreat of the Satopanth and Bhagirath-Kharak glaciers is a chilling reminder of how climate change is affecting the hydrology of the Ganga’s headwaters<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2911,"featured_media":20023603,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[761],"tags":[519,20000005],"hashtags":[],"country":[20000111],"class_list":["post-20023577","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate","tag-climate-impacts","tag-ganga","country-india"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nBenchmark glaciers in the Himalayas keep receding | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The steady retreat of the Satopanth and Bhagirath-Kharak glaciers is a chilling reminder of how climate change is affecting the hydrology of the Ganga's headwaters\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, 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