{"id":20023698,"date":"2018-01-16T12:34:28","date_gmt":"2018-01-16T07:04:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thethirdpole.net\/?p=23698"},"modified":"2024-01-04T20:34:48","modified_gmt":"2024-01-04T15:04:48","slug":"dhaka-chokes-on-air-pollution","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/pollution\/dhaka-chokes-on-air-pollution\/","title":{"rendered":"Dhaka chokes on air pollution"},"content":{"rendered":"

Bangladesh\u2019s national environment agency has rung an alarm bell over air quality in Dhaka, deeming it \u201cextremely unhealthy\u201d as the dry season begins.<\/p>\n

On 7 January 2018, Dhaka\u2019s air pollution levels were at 330 on the Air Quality Index (AQI)<\/a>, which is maintained by Bangladesh\u2019s Department of Environment (DoE)<\/a>, branding the capital\u2019s air quality “extremely unhealthy”. The air quality had been “extremely unhealthy” for four consecutive days.<\/p>\n

Between 7 and 10 January, the severity of Dhaka’s air pollution only rose. On 7 January, air quality in the capital was at 330 points according to the AQI. By the next day, it was at 341 points; 355 points on 9 January; and 372 points on 10 January.<\/p>\n

The AQI regards the range of 0-50 points as good air quality, 51-100 moderately good, 101-150 cautionary, 151-200 unhealthy, 201-300 points very unhealthy, and 301-500 indicates “extremely unhealthy”.<\/p>\n

\"\"
The AQI on 14 January 2018<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The DoE operates three continuous air monitoring stations (CAMs) in Dhaka \u2013 one in Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, one in Farmgate and the last in Darus Salam \u2013 to assess air quality. The CAMs monitor the concentration level of pollutants such as carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen oxide, sulphur dioxide, and PM 10 and PM 2.5: particulate matter (dust, smoke and mist) that is 10 and 2.5 micrometres or less in diameter, respectively. It does not differentiate which precise pollutant is being measured in the AQI<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Nevertheless, some pollutants are more worrying than others. In December, the 24-hour average for PM 10 and PM 2.5 concentrations were higher than Bangladesh\u2019s average air quality standard, the DoE said in its air quality report<\/a>.<\/p>\n

“The presence of other pollutants is not so serious. But the concentration of PM 10 and PM 2.5 in Dhaka\u2019s air is most critical. The air quality is aggravating as the dry season arrives,\u201d Ziaul Haque, a DoE director, tells The Third Pole. He adds that the smoke from brick kilns and vehicle emissions are the major causes of PM 10 and PM 2.5 in Bangladesh.<\/p>\n

\u201cIf we could curb pollution from these two sources, air quality during the dry season would improve to a large extent,\u201d says Haque.<\/p>\n

This is not the first time Dhaka\u2019s air quality has led to public health concerns. In this megacity of more than 16 million people, the air quality falls every year, causing a spike in the number of asthma and respiratory ailments. Dhaka\u2019s air had already been deemed \u201cextremely unhealthy\u201d on 29 November 2017 when the AQI read 374.<\/p>\n

Bangladesh has one wet season \u2013 from mid-April to mid-October \u2013 and one dry season. During the wet season, heavy rainfall occurs across the country. Almost every year rivers, canals, wetlands, low-lying areas \u2013 and sometimes megacities like Dhaka and Chittagong \u2013 are inundated. The wind speed during this time is higher than during the dry season. Pollutants, especially particulate matter, are washed away from the air by the rain, improving air quality.<\/p>\n

World Bank study<\/strong><\/p>\n

The World Bank has been carrying out a study on Bangladesh\u2019s environment. While the preliminary findings of the bank\u2019s \u201cUnlocking Opportunities for Clean and Resilient Growth\u201d report are yet to be made public, The Third Pole has obtained a copy.<\/p>\n

According to the report, the health burden of air pollution caused by PM 2.5 in urban areas stands at USD 1.93 billion, which is 1% of the country\u2019s gross domestic product. Indoor PM2.5 air pollution causes an additional health burden of USD 1.11 billion, amounting to 0.6% of GDP.<\/p>\n

The report states that brick kilns cause 38% of PM 2.5 pollution in Dhaka, while motor vehicles cause 19% and road dust causes 18%. Soil dust and pollution from metal smelters account for 9% and 7% of PM 2.5 air pollution respectively. Air pollution in Dhaka worsens as brick kilns start production during the dry season, according to the report.<\/p>\n

Doctors\u2019 dilemmas versus business opportunities<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cThe number of patients with asthma and other respiratory diseases reduces sharply with the start of the rainy season,\u201d Rafiqur Rahman, the chief medical officer of the Jatiya Sangsad medical centre, tells The Third Pole. He adds that a strict ban on unfit vehicles in Dhaka would help reduce the national health cost, and the level of illness.<\/p>\n

\u201cChildren and older people are worst affected by respiratory problems. Poor people who have no access to hospitals and clinics come to us for treatment,\u201d says Mohammad Mohsin, the owner of the Ayesha medicine store in Dhaka\u2019s Mirpur area.<\/p>\n

\u201cDuring the winter, the shopkeepers of many medicine stores start treating people with respiratory problems through nebulisers. When the rain starts, we see a 60% drop in sales of drugs, such as Monas, which are used to treat respiratory problems.\u201d<\/p>\n

It is not just the pharmacies and pharmaceutical companies who benefit from the increasing levels of smog in Dhaka \u2013\u00a0street hawkers also profit.<\/p>\n

\u201cIn the summer, I sell locally-grown fruits such as mangos, pineapples and guava. But in the winter, I sell masks and handkerchiefs \u2013 people buy these to protect themselves from the dust and smoke,\u201d Mohammad Mukul, a hawker, tells The Third Pole. In Dhaka, hawkers selling masks often board buses stopped at traffic signals or stuck in jams.<\/p>\n

Irresponsible behaviour<\/strong><\/p>\n

Most of the roads in Dhaka are currently dug up due to the construction of the metro rail and the elevated expressway.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe authorities should ensure that the dug-up portions of the road are covered. When the vehicles move along the road, the dust covers the whole area and people inhale it,\u201d Mohammed Anisuzzaman, a stock market broker, tells The Third Pole.<\/p>\n

Anisuzzaman lives in the Mirpur neighbourhood, where most of the roads are dug up for development works. \u201cDue to severe traffic jams, passengers need three hours to reach Motijheel from Mirpur \u2013 a distance of only 14 kilometres \u2013 and another three hours for the return journey. Every working day, commuters on the route inhale dust and smoke for six hours,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n

Another commuter, Mohammad Hasanul Karim, says that hundreds of trucks carry uncovered sand, earth and bricks in Dhaka after 10pm. When they travel at high speeds, the sand and soil drops on the road.<\/p>\n

\u201cIn many cases, a layer of sticky soil develops on the road. The frequent movement of the vehicles dries up the layer and turns the soil into dust,\u201d says Karim. “Nobody cares about it.\u201d<\/p>\n

It seems there are a variety of small issues that could be tackled to deal with the air pollution hazard, but it seems the government is yet to take the issue seriously.<\/p>\n

Kamran Reza Chowdhury is a Dhaka-based journalist<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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