{"id":20026463,"date":"2019-01-09T12:30:49","date_gmt":"2019-01-09T07:00:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thethirdpole.net\/?p=26463"},"modified":"2021-01-05T17:02:47","modified_gmt":"2021-01-05T11:32:47","slug":"ignoring-climate-change-in-the-himalayas","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/ignoring-climate-change-in-the-himalayas\/","title":{"rendered":"Ignoring climate change in the Himalayas"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>This is the second part in a five part series on the Karnali River.&nbsp;<\/em><em>See also:&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/2019\/01\/07\/faith-to-reality-a-journey-down-the-karnali-river-from-tibet-to-india\/\">Faith to reality: A journey down the Karnali River from Tibet to India<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/2019\/01\/07\/a-journey-down-the-karnali-living-in-fear-of-floods\/\">Part 1: Living in fear of floods<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/2019\/01\/08\/dams-and-dreams-a-journey-down-the-karnali\/\"><em>Part 2: Dams and dreams \u2013 a journey down the Karnali<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<p><em>Climate change is affecting the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Himalayas\">Himalayas<\/a> more than almost any region in the world. Southwestern Tibet, western Nepal and northern India where the Karnali River flows are no exception.&nbsp; <\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>While infrastructure projects such as dams and roads gather pace in China, Nepal and India, there is no cooperation between countries to tackle the growing problems associated with climate change.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Nepal\u2019s western region is the most underdeveloped in the country, and has experienced repeated famines and droughts. <a href=\"http:\/\/lib.icimod.org\/record\/9417\/files\/icimod-climate_change_in_the_hindu_kush-himalayas.pdf\">Climate change<\/a> is making these events worse, but the response has been slower than in other parts of the country.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/\">thethirdpole.net<\/a>\u2019s Nepal editor Ramesh Bhushal and photographer Nabin Baral travelled along the Karnali River, which originates in southwestern Tibet and flows through Nepal into India. They accompanied a team of scientists, covering about 1,100 kilometres along the river over six weeks.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u201cIt isn\u2019t as cold as it used to be a few years ago at this time of year,\u201d said our Tibetan guide Mingmar Tashi as we walked on the southwest of Mount <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mount_Kailash\">Kailash<\/a> to the source of the Karnali, Nepal\u2019s longest river. This river is the biggest tributary of the Ganga by volume and originates in Tibet\u2019s Burang county. In late September, most residents in Kardung village \u2014 the first village on the Karnali River in Burang county\u2014 were busy preparing for the winter, harvesting paddy and moving livestock down to the valleys. The winters are changing. The Tibetan guide and drivers we drove with for nine days in the Mount Kailash region said their land is getting warmer.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_26465\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-26465\" style=\"width: 1020px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26465 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/photos-for-story-three-1.jpg\" alt=\"Gurla Mandhata mountain (\" width=\"1020\" height=\"680\"><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-26465\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gurla Mandhata mountain (7,700 metres) south of Mount Kailash. Locals said there has been less snow in the mountains&nbsp; in recent years [image by Nabin Baral].<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Chinese studies suggest that the Tibetan plateau is warming <a href=\"https:\/\/uk.reuters.com\/article\/us-china-climatechange\/temperatures-significantly-rise-on-chinas-qinghai-tibetan-plateau-state-media-idUKKCN1N10E5\">three times faster<\/a> than other parts of the world. In southwestern China the mean annual temperature <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1674927813500347\">increased 0.12 degrees Celsius per decade<\/a> from 1961 to 2010. Other <a href=\"http:\/\/www.icimod.org\/?q=20533\">studies<\/a> project that by 2050, the mean temperatures in the Hindu Kush Himalayas will increase by 1-2 degrees, with a rise of 4-5 degrees in some places.<\/p>\n<p>Although the scientists we accompanied were not allowed to talk to locals in Tibet because they did not receive necessary research permission, the limited responses of our guides gave some indication of the changes. \u201cSnow in the mountains in Tibet is declining and I can see that,\u201d Mingmar Tashi said. A recent <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/312168748_Impact_of_climate_and_elevation_on_snow_cover_using_integrated_remote_sensing_snow_products_in_Tibetan_Plateau\">study<\/a> from China\u2019s Lanzhou University showed that the snow-covered area in Tibet has decreased at altitudes above 2,000 metres above sea level, but increased at lower altitudes.<\/p>\n<p>Rising temperatures will lead to more rapid snowmelt from the mountains, with severe impacts on people living in the region. This will result in fluctuation of water flow in the streams and rivers that originate in the plateau, impacting both farmers and hydropower<\/p>\n<p>It would have been useful to talk to farmers to get a sense of how this is affecting their lives, but as we were not allowed to do so, and our guides could say little, we must rely on research. Even this gives only a general picture. Changes in hydrology in high altitude areas are poorly understood because these areas are hard to access and the complex interplay between climate, glaciers and hydrological processes. Nevertheless available research shows reduced snow cover reduces the water storage capacity of glaciers in a warming climate.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cA warming climate may lead to either rising or decreasing river flows, depending on the state of glacier retreat,\u201d stated a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/content\/113\/33\/9222\">recent study<\/a> published in the proceedings of National Academy of Sciences, USA. The study compared glacier melt and river flows in Nepal and Chile.<\/p>\n<p>A 2015&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/lib.icimod.org\/record\/32006\/files\/StatKraft_Review_final.pdf\">report<\/a>&nbsp;by the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.icimod.org\/\">International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development<\/a> (ICIMOD) reviewed the impacts of climate change in the Hindu Kush Himalayan region, including Nepal. \u201cThe changing probabilities and magnitudes of extreme events can place additional risk on power generation infrastructure (dams and hydropower plants) as well as secondary infrastructure (roads and transmission lines). Further, hazards associated with shrinking glaciers, such as glacial lake outburst floods, can jeopardise large infrastructure investment,\u201d the report stated.<\/p>\n<p>It is also <a href=\"http:\/\/www.grida.no\/resources\/12793\">estimated<\/a> that food production throughout the Hindu Kush Himalayan region will be affected by the delayed or early onset of monsoons, more variable rainfall and increase of extreme events including floods and droughts. \u201cMost of the agriculture in the mountains is rain fed and therefore highly vulnerable to rainfall variability,\u201d stated <a href=\"http:\/\/www.icimod.org\/?q=20533\">The Himalayan Climate and Water Atlas<\/a>, published by ICIMOD.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Troubled and trapped<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The changes are easier to document in Nepal. Devi Fadera, from Srinagar village in Nepal\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Humla_District\">Humla<\/a> district bordering Tibet, was in a rush in early October. Rice fields near the bank of the Karnali River were yellow and it was harvest time. \u201cThe weather is becoming more uncertain every year, so I have to harvest during these sunny days. Who knows what will happen tomorrow,\u201d he said. There has been very little rainfall in the region over the last three years. The drought of 2016 was the worst in the last three decades, affecting thousands of people. But there was sufficient rainfall this year. \u201cThis year, rainfall was good, so the paddy was good,\u201d Fadera said with a smile on his face.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_26467\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-26467\" style=\"width: 1020px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26467 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/photos-for-story-three-6-e1547016516175.jpg\" alt=\"farmers harvesting paddy \" width=\"1020\" height=\"680\"><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-26467\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aitan Bhandari from Mohoti, Bajura district, harvests paddy. Production was good this&nbsp;year due to adequate rainfall. This area was hard hit by drought over the last few years [image by Nabin Baral].<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Food produced from his field lasts for about five to six months on a good year. From the farm, you can see the Karnali, but it is at the bottom of a deep gorge and there is no way to bring any water for irrigation. Most of the villages along the river depend on monsoon rains. When the food runs out, mules bring supplies from elsewhere in the country, but that doesn\u2019t really help much. People in this region have the <a href=\"http:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/download?doi=10.1.1.663.3552&amp;rep=rep1&amp;type=pdf\">lowest purchasing capacity<\/a> in Nepal. Malnutrition and even famine are common, compounded by the fact that only 0.9% of the land in Humla is<a href=\"http:\/\/bora.uib.no\/bitstream\/handle\/1956\/16997\/dr-thesis-2017-Yograj-Gautam.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y\"> arable<\/a>.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_26471\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-26471\" style=\"width: 1020px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26471 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/photos-for-story-three-8.jpg\" alt=\"mother feeding her malnourished child \" width=\"1020\" height=\"680\"><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-26471\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two and half year old Jeevan Bista in Bajura district is fed by his mother as he is malnourished. Bajura has one of the highest rates of malnutrition in Nepal&nbsp; [image by Nabin Baral].<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>While Devi Fadera was in a rush to harvest his paddy, Dirgha Shahi was hurrying to Kermi in Upper Humla to get some flour transported from Tibet\u2019s Burang county. The only way to get food from the southern plains of Nepal is via air, and that is expensive. The abundant rainfall in 2018 brought only misery to Shahi. \u201cIt was continuous from July and August. Too much water destroyed our vegetables, especially beans.\u201d<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_26466\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-26466\" style=\"width: 1020px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26466 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/photos-for-story-three-3.jpg\" alt=\"Humla collecting rice stored underground\" width=\"1020\" height=\"680\"><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-26466\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rangmal Thapa in Sarkegadh, Humla, takes out rice stored underground two years ago. Locals store rice underground for emergency use in the case of famine or other disasters [image by Nabin Baral].<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>It is difficult for policymakers to micro-plan to this extent. \u201cWe haven\u2019t been able to integrate bits and pieces in an organised way when it comes to climate change as it\u2019s quite a vast topic that ranges from the global negotiations to local impacts,\u201d said Maheshwar Dhakal, chief of the climate change division at Nepal\u2019s Ministry of Forests and Environment. \u201cHowever, the government has been providing support to several vulnerable communities through local level adaptation projects like <a href=\"http:\/\/www.np.undp.org\/content\/nepal\/en\/home\/projects\/nccsp.html\">Nepal climate change support programme<\/a> which has its major focus in the Karnali region,\u201d he added.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Haphazard development, increasing vulnerability <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Road construction is the most common phenomena we saw on our 1,100 kilometre journey along the Karnali from Tibet to India. But the roads are poorly planned, poorly implemented, with no attention paid to where the debris construction is dumped. It\u2019s very likely that such haphazard development will bring more trouble than joy in future.<\/p>\n<p>Huge embankments, highways and the massive reconstruction of towns and cities are underway in Tibet. Little is known about the environmental impact assessments of construction done by the Chinese government.<\/p>\n<p>In Nepal, everybody knows that taking care of the environment is not a priority. The government\u2019s project to link the southern plains in <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Banke_District\">Banke<\/a> district to the northern border in Humla has cut through the hills and mountains. Dynamite blasts were a constant menace as we walked, drove and rafted for one and a half months. Karen Bennett, a geologist in our team, said she was shocked to see the unnecessary level of destruction. \u201cRoads are necessary, but the situation is worrisome.\u201d Most of the settlements along the river corridor are built on landslide-prone areas, and people have built over previous landslides. These are inherently unstable, and improper road construction increases their vulnerability.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_26468\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-26468\" style=\"width: 1020px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26468 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/photos-for-story-three-4.jpg\" alt=\"road being constructed along Karnali River\" width=\"1020\" height=\"680\"><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-26468\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rampant road construction along the Karnali River. The Karnali corridor highway is under construction and will link Nepal&#8217;s Dailekh district to Hilsa on the Tibetan border [image by: Nabin Baral]<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Incremental investment during construction would have saved the billions that will be needed for future maintenance, she said. \u201cIf such haphazard construction continues, villages along the Karnali River will suffer badly.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Rampant road construction has already led to <a href=\"https:\/\/thehimalayantimes.com\/nepal\/haphazard-road-construction-increases-landslide-risk-in-bajura\/\">serious problems<\/a> in recent years. The Karnali highway linking Nepal\u2019s western border with Tibet was on the drawing board for two decades but moved forward after 2015 when the job was given to the Nepal Army. One of the biggest projects in the country, the 500-km road will link India and China. But it\u2019s being built with no attention to basic principles of road engineering in mountain regions.<\/p>\n<p>It is not just the highways. All rural municipalities in Nepal have a mission to link each village ward with roads in the next few years. \u201cIn the next three to five years we will have all the villages linked with rough roads,\u201d said Devraj Devkota, mayor of Panchadeol rural municipality in Nepal\u2019s Accham district.<\/p>\n<p>As the hills and mountains are excavated, most of the debris is thrown directly into the river. \u201cThis will create geological instability and will have severe impacts on aquatic species,\u201d said Deep Narayan Shah, an aquatic expert and assistant professor at the Central Department of Environmental Science, Tribhuwan University, and a member of the expedition team.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_26469\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-26469\" style=\"width: 1020px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26469 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/photos-for-story-three-5.jpg\" alt=\"construction of Karnali Corridor in Nepal's Bajura district \" width=\"1020\" height=\"680\"><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-26469\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Construction of Karnali Corridor in Nepal&#8217;s Bajura district. Haphazard construction has increased the vulnerability of communities in the fragile landscape [image by Nabin Baral].<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u201cWe have not been able to address impacts of climate change and these kinds of activities will exacerbate the problems increasing the vulnerability of communities already under stress,\u201d said Ajaya Dixit, executive director at the Institute for Social and Environmental Transition Nepal (ISET-Nepal).<\/p>\n<p><strong>More connectivity, less cooperation<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Blacktopped highways from Tibet have reached the Nepal border. Nepal is also focusing on enhancing road connectivity with its northern neighbour and all the main corridors are along the major rivers\u2014the Sunkoshi, Trishuli, Kali Gandaki and the Karnali. The Indian states of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh are already connected with Nepal by road. Experts say there is also a need to connect people and governments to fight against disasters and climate change.<\/p>\n<p>Rajan Kotru, from the<a href=\"http:\/\/www.icimod.org\/\"> International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development<\/a> , headed the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.icimod.org\/?q=9456\">Kailash Sacred Landscape<\/a> conservation programme, the first of its kind involving all three countries in the region. When I asked Kotru what the programme had achieved over the last five years, his answer was diplomatic, \u201cWe were able to lay the foundation for dialogue between countries and people at local level. There is also a greater realisation that coming together will benefit all and is necessary,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_26470\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-26470\" style=\"width: 1020px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26470 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/photos-for-story-three-7.jpg\" alt=\"Chudari village in Bajura district \" width=\"1020\" height=\"680\"><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-26470\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chudari village in Bajura district sits on landslide debris on the bank of Karnali River. Many villages along Karnali River are built on this kind of old landslide [image by Nabin Baral].<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Even this realisation is progress, since cooperation between Nepal, India and China at a multilateral level on river basins is negligible. Nepal shares a 1,400 kilometre land border with China and Nepal\u2019s foreign ministry has several mechanisms to talk with China on various issues, but they do not include anything on water resources. \u201cWater resources have hardly been on the agenda, though our rivers originate there,\u201d said Ajaya Dixit.<\/p>\n<p>When it comes to water, Nepal\u2019s relationship with its southern neighbour India is also turbulent. Experts say there\u2019s no real cooperation, just formal communication. \u201cI don\u2019t think there is cooperation between Nepal and India. If there had been any then we would have solved problems rather than exacerbating them over the last few decades. And climate change doesn\u2019t even get a mention when we talk about cooperation,\u201d Dixit added.<\/p>\n<p><em>This story is jointly published by<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thethirdpole.net\"> thethirdpole.net<\/a> and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/nepalitimes.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Nepali Times<\/a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Climate change has already made the mountain communities in the Tibetan Plateau and the Nepali villages in the west that border it very vulnerable, and new infrastructure adds to the risk<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2194,"featured_media":20038039,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[761,50039903],"tags":[513,17827,519,50040707,607],"hashtags":[],"country":[20000111,20000113],"class_list":["post-20026463","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate","category-water","tag-carbon-emissions","tag-climate-adaptation","tag-climate-impacts","tag-the-third-pole","tag-water-scarcity","country-india","country-nepal"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.0 (Yoast SEO v26.0) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Ignoring climate change in the Himalayas | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Climate change has already made the mountain communities in the Tibetan Plateau and the Nepali villages in 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