{"id":20027780,"date":"2019-08-05T12:30:12","date_gmt":"2019-08-05T07:00:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thethirdpole.net\/?p=27780"},"modified":"2021-04-22T15:36:19","modified_gmt":"2021-04-22T10:06:19","slug":"subsidies-killing-renewable-energy-investments-in-nepal","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/energy\/subsidies-killing-renewable-energy-investments-in-nepal\/","title":{"rendered":"Subsidies killing renewable energy investments in Nepal"},"content":{"rendered":"

Around 30% of Nepal\u2019s population is still without access to electricity. So why is the share of renewable energy in Nepal\u2019s electricity mix only 3%? It is a much debated question in the country\u2019s hydro-dominant electricity sector, but there is little action.<\/p>\n

In Nepal, renewable energy (RE) is still limited largely to solar panels on individual rooftops. The wind power projects are too few to be anything but show pieces, while hydropower development remains mired in controversy and unfulfilled promises. Over a century since electricity entered Nepal, hydropower still produces less than 1,000 megawatts a year, although four zeros are usually added to this number when projections are made.<\/p>\n

RE is rapidly expanding its market globally and regionally. There has been sharp fall in production cost. Neighbouring India has been aggressively investing in solar power production. Bihar and Uttar Pradesh \u2013 two Indian states that have long borders with Nepal \u2013 have made significant progress in solar power production in recent years.<\/p>\n

But Nepal has not attracted RE investors, due to the small size of the market, relative lack of land available for large-scale solar projects and an incompetent subsidy model. Experts advise the government to fix bugs quickly.<\/p>\n

Hydro verses renewables<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Amrit Lal Nakarmi at the Centre for Energy Studies at Institute of Engineering in Tribhuwan University calls Nepal\u2019s hydro-dominance conversation a Hobson\u2019s choice<\/a>. \u201cPoliticians and policymakers are providing a Hobson\u2019s choice (a technically “free” choice that has only one possibility) by saying Nepal has huge hydropower resources and its economic development is only possible by tapping it and exporting it to neighbouring countries. But they ignore other choices like developing some hydropower and renewable energy for domestic consumption and substitute huge import of fossil fuel from India and thereafter sell whatever is possible to the neighbours. This needs correction.\u201d<\/p>\n

Others also see the deep-rooted hydro-dominant electricity policy as a problem. \u201cNepal\u2019s debate has always been on whether hydro or non hydro (solar, wind) sources of energy rather than hydro and non-hydro sources of energy,\u201d says Bibek Chapagain, development specialist at the Millennium Challenge Corporation<\/a> \u2014 a US government-funded initiative on infrastructure that aims to increase availability of electricity and lower transportation costs. \u201cThis has been the fundamental problem in Nepal\u2019s electricity sector and it still prevails.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cFossil fuel investment has stagnated globally and much of the investment is being redirected to renewables. So, if Nepal does not differentiate mainstream hydro from other renewables it is very likely that incentives meant for non-hydro sources like solar and wind get channeled to a source like hydro that already has an established consumer mechanism. As a result, the sources within this sector that really need promotion do not get promoted,\u201d said Amitabh Saha, Director in Energy and Resource Practice with Deloitte Touch\u00e9 Tohmatsu India LLP said during one of the four-series RE debate held by the Nepal Economic Forum<\/a> in Kathmandu in the past couple of months, in partnership with The Asia Foundation<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Nepal\u2019s government has said it is trying to fix the problem. A draft bill says promotion and development of hydro, solar and wind should not differ; the only difference should be in the incentive mechanisms. \u201cEnergy development is complex, and we are trying to fix our past problems of differentiation. But it\u2019s challenging as it depends on scale of production as well as source and interest of the developer,\u201d says Toyanath Adhikari, Joint Secretary at the Ministry of Energy, Water Resources and Irrigation.<\/p>\n

Investments killed by subsidies<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Nepal established an Alternative Energy Promotion Centre<\/a> in 1996. It has focused on household-level rural energy supply through solar and micro-hydro and promotion of biogas for cooking. But it has failed to upscale RE development at industrial level. Many blame the country\u2019s subsidy policy, saying it does not promote innovation in the sector and has failed to attract investors within the country and outside.<\/p>\n

In last two and half decades, Nepal\u2019s total RE production has been 50 MW \u2013 less than a single medium-level hydro project in neighbouring countries. Due to its focus on reaching out to people living in remote mountain areas, the RE policy has a heavy subsidy component. \u201cSubsidies failed to serve as a market-starter and proved to create more inefficiencies in the market by turning out to be a bad habit for institutions and a reason behind the lack of innovation,\u201d added Chapagain of the Millennium Challenge Corporation.<\/p>\n

In public, the Nepal government says its RE policy is a success because it has reached 18% of its 29 million people. But its own 2016 RE policy document admitted that the country had failed to mobilise private investment to its highly subsidised mechanism. \u201cSubsidy from the government has not effectively mobilised private investment or commercial credit into Nepal\u2019s renewable energy sector till date to the extent envisaged,\u201d it read.<\/p>\n

The RE policy was introduced in 2006. The subsidy policy was started in 2012 and amended in 2016. It provides up to 65% subsidy for solar photovoltaic systems in public institutions in rural areas and 60% subsidy for photovoltaic drinking water or irrigation pumping systems.<\/p>\n

\u201cSubsidies are creating a long term reliance on free money and free cash handouts, which in turn infiltrate behaviours,\u201d says Yanki Ukyab, Fellow at the Strategic Advisory Group, Infrastructure (Water, Energy & Hydropower) in Nepal. \u201cAlongside, the price ceiling that subsidies create has also discouraged many competitive private firms from entering the renewable energy market.\u201d<\/p>\n

Some experts believe the RE sector does need subsidy at the beginning, and Nepal\u2019s real problem is the absence of a subsidy exit plan. \u201cIt is not about whether we needed subsidies or not\u201d says Narayan Prasad Chaulagain, energy expert and former executive director of Alternative Energy Promotion Centre. \u201cIt\u2019s more about did we make our subsidies smart to bring in new innovation? Subsidies are good at a certain level, but overdependence is a problem and we failed to have a clear exit plan from the subsidy policy.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cInternational investment is key for renewable energy development at large scale, but Nepal has not stood as an investment friendly country,\u201d says Pratik Man Singh Pradhan, Vice President, Business Development & Projects, Butwal Power Company Limited. \u201cFor example, one Korean company has been struggling to get started and a few Norwegian companies have already left the country due to unfriendly investment environment.\u201d<\/p>\n

India\u2019s RE growth affects its development in Nepal. In 2017, Nepal imported electricity worth 2 billion Nepali rupees (USD 17.8 million) from India. The energy imported mostly comes from coal-fired power plants. Now with the Indians states of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh producing large amounts of electricity from solar, experts say Nepal\u2019s RE development will face more challenges. More investments in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh may make those states energy surplus soon. At the same time, Nepal may be energy surplus through hydro projects, with 2,000 MW under construction and 25,000 MW more in planning stages. That would mean less priority to renewables like solar and wind in Nepal.<\/p>\n

Hydro from Nepal, RE from India<\/strong><\/h2>\n

But this also opens up the possibility of a new win-win energy trade between the two countries. \u201cWhile Nepal has low peak energy demand from May to September, eastern India has high peak demand at that time; whereas in January and February when India has low peak demand, Nepal has higher demand. This is perfect for energy trade. It\u2019s not coincidental. It prevails every year due to the seasons,\u201d says Ramapati Kumar, Chief Executive Officer at the Centre for Environment and Economic Development (CEED<\/a>) Nepal.<\/p>\n

This is something India has been wanting.<\/p>\n

See: India eyes regional ambitions through energy trade<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

According to a report by the CEED counterpart in India, Bihar\u2019s capital Patna alone \u2013 a city where the peak demand does not exceed 600 MW \u2013 has the potential to produce 759 MW of solar power. \u201cIt\u2019s likely that Bihar will produce hundreds of megawatts in the next few years from solar as per its current policy that aims to add 3,343 MW of renewable energy by 2022 with about 2,969 MW from solar alone. The same is with Uttar Pradesh. Nepal needs to prepare its energy strategy immediately,\u201d says Abhishek Pratap, Director of Programmes at CEED India. \u201cNepal also needs to think about how to mainstream renewable energy in its energy mix before it\u2019s too late.\u201d<\/p>\n

This will increase energy trade between the two countries. But Nepal\u2019s own RE development will still be in peril. \u201cNepal can focus on renewables like solar and wind to meet domestic need and export hydropower to India. So renewables won\u2019t be in trouble. But it needs a long-term strategy of energy mix between hydropower and other renewables,\u201d adds Pratap.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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