{"id":20034012,"date":"2020-06-12T12:30:10","date_gmt":"2020-06-12T07:00:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thethirdpole.net\/?p=34012"},"modified":"2021-01-29T18:11:42","modified_gmt":"2021-01-29T12:41:42","slug":"glacier-lake-floods","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/glacier-lake-floods\/","title":{"rendered":"Surging glacier creates lake, floods Pakistan valley"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u201cA loud rumble echoed and water started trickling down with soil and rocks. Villagers immediately left their homes and fled to safety,\u201d recounted Manzoor Hussain. Hussain lives in Hassanabad, a village in the Hunza valley high in the Hindu Kush Himalayas in northern Pakistan.<\/p>\n

It was siesta time on May 30 when the rumbling started. \u201cIt was not the first time, so people in the village knew what was happening. They were aware of glacial lake outburst floods [GLOFs]. They thought it was a GLOF at the Shishper glacier,\u201d said Hussain.<\/p>\n

In fact, a lake near the Machuhar glacier had burst its banks, causing a flood that submerged farms, the local power plant and part of the Karakoram Highway. Most residents had to sleep in tents afterwards.<\/p>\n

\"\"
The flood submerged farms, the local power plant and part of the Karakoram Highway [image by: Zaheer Uddin Babar]<\/figcaption><\/figure>Was this a GLOF, where the failure of an unstable natural dam releases meltwater from a glacier? The question is complicated by the Karakoram Anomaly<\/a>, which describes the advance of glaciers in the region in contrast to the retreat of other glaciers in the Himalayas and globally. Expert opinion is divided.<\/p>\n

Zaheer Uddin Babar, the focal person for GLOFs in the Gilgit Baltistan Disaster Management Authority, said, \u201cWe can\u2019t interlink the recent incident with a GLOF. Satellite images received from SUPARCO [Pakistan\u2019s Space & Upper Atmosphere Research Commission] are not indicating any glacial lake. It may be the water spilled out from a lake on the surface of the Machuhar glacier. The water flow was as low as 3,000 cusecs [cubic feet per second] only.\u201d In some parts of the Hindu Kush Himalayas, water flow after a GLOF has been recorded at around 100,000 cusecs.<\/p>\n

The villagers thought the May 30 incident was a GLOF because they had experienced one with a water flow of 7,000 cusecs in 2019, when a 1.5 kilometre-wide lake burst its banks. That time, a large section of the Karakoram Highway, a bridge, two power plants, some offices, over 100 houses, the water supply pumphouse and most farms were submerged.<\/p>\n

Read:<\/strong> The glacier \u2018marriages\u2019 in Pakistan\u2019s high Himalayas<\/a><\/p>\n

Shishper is a surging, or advancing, glacier. It formed around the beginning of the twentieth century, when what was then the Hassanabad glacier in the north of the Hunza valley split into two. Machuhar is the other glacier formed by this split. Like the overwhelming majority of glaciers in the Hindu Kush Himalayas, Machuhar is receding due to the warming caused by climate change. There are over 15,000 glaciers in this tallest and youngest mountain range of the world, which stretches from Afghanistan to Myanmar. The number keeps changing as receding glaciers split into two or more.<\/p>\n

The surge of one glacier while its neighbour melts is creating a strange situation. Babar said Shishper has been surging quickly; it moved forward two kilometres in 2018-19, though there has been no indication of a surge since November 2019. But the earlier surge blocked the drainage route of the Machuhar glacier. As a result, a lake has formed at the snout, or mouth, of the Machuhar glacier, and is getting bigger as climate change gathers pace and the rate of melt increases.<\/p>\n

Blocking the water flowing down from the Machuhar glacier also means blocking this water supply to the Hunza River, a tributary of the transboundary Indus River.<\/p>\n

\"map
A lake has formed at the snout of the Machuhar glacier, and is getting bigger [image by: Sher Mohammad]<\/figcaption><\/figure>There are other glacier pairs in the same situation. Zahid Hussain, a field manager in a GLOF project, said, \u201cYune glacier in Bagrot valley is also extending and it has already blocked the waters of Gurgo glacier. A huge cavity has opened up on the hillside, at the intersection of the two glaciers. There is a lake forming, which can burst its banks and can create a disaster any time.\u201d<\/p>\n

Muhammad Riaz, director-general of Pakistan Meteorological Department, told The Third Pole<\/a>, \u201cThere are more than 3,000 glacial lakes in the Karakoram ranges and 34-36 of them have been declared to be of high GLOF potential.\u201d<\/p>\n

The danger of a surging glacier<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cBut the glacier surge is a larger menace than GLOF,\u201d said Sher Mohammad, a glacier specialist at the regional International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, with its headquarters in Kathmandu. \u201cThere are more than 200 glaciers identified in the Karakoram range with surging or surge-like history and these glaciers cover more than 40% (7,700 square kilometres) of the total glacier area in the Karakoram.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThe exact reason for some glaciers surging in the Karakoram is still unclear,\u201d he added. \u201cIt has no linear correlation with snowfall anomalies and thermal changes. However, extreme weather and climate change probably affect surges and surge dynamics, such as intensification, enhance melting, creating crevasses on glacier surfaces and changing the glacier volume.\u201d<\/p>\n

Asif Khan, an expert on climate change and an author of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change\u2019s sixth assessment report<\/a>, said, \u201cSurging is a short-lived event, when a glacier moves 10 to 100 times faster than its normal velocity.\u201d<\/p>\n

Mohammad said the flooding on May 30 was probably triggered by a rise in temperature, causing significant glacier melt and increasing the size of the lake. Meteorological data shows a significant temperature rise in the Hunza area in late May. In the first half of June, water was still flowing down the hillside and being blocked by debris, posing a potential risk of another flood.<\/p>\n

\"There
There was a significant temperature rise in the Hunza area in late May, which probably triggered the flooding [image by: Manzoor Hussain]<\/figcaption><\/figure>Shaukat Ali, a climate expert at the Islamabad-based Global Change Impact Studies Centre (GCISC<\/a>), said, \u201cSurge is a phenomenon that can also be caused by extreme events of precipitation. The Karakoram Anomaly may cause surging and advancing of the Shishper glacier. Our research at GCISC shows that Gupis, Drosh, Chitral and Gilgit are the future hotspots of the highest increase in average temperature in the 21st century.\u201d<\/p>\n

Ali pointed out that this could lead to significant changes in future water availability in Pakistan, which is dependent almost totally on the Indus basin for irrigation and other uses. Pakistan\u2019s agriculture sector contributes around 22% of Pakistan’s GDP, and over 45% of the country\u2019s workforce is engaged in agriculture, directly or indirectly.<\/p>\n

A higher glacier melting rate can also trigger GLOFs and floods downstream, leading to more infrastructure and economic losses, Ali added.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Danger of another flood as water continues to flow from the lake in Hunza valley in northern Pakistan<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":20000286,"featured_media":20037646,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[761],"tags":[17827,519,50040707],"hashtags":[],"country":[20000112],"class_list":["post-20034012","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate","tag-climate-adaptation","tag-climate-impacts","tag-the-third-pole","country-pakistan"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nSurging glacier creates lake, floods Pakistan valley | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Danger of another flood as water continues to flow from the lake in Hunza valley in northern Pakistan\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link 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