{"id":20037052,"date":"2020-08-19T12:30:52","date_gmt":"2020-08-19T07:00:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thethirdpole.net\/?p=37052"},"modified":"2021-04-15T15:39:07","modified_gmt":"2021-04-15T10:09:07","slug":"the-destructive-greening-of-the-thar-desert-in-india","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/nature\/the-destructive-greening-of-the-thar-desert-in-india\/","title":{"rendered":"The destructive \u2018greening\u2019 of the Thar desert in India"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Ravindranath lives in the heart of the Thar desert in India. He and his family are agropastoralists \u2013 people who grow crops and rear livestock \u2013 in the village of Kalu in Bikaner district, Rajasthan. But the dry grasslands that people like Ravindranath have depended on for centuries for pasture are slowly being depleted.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cSometimes we have to pay money and buy cattle feed [instead of grazing our animals],\u201d he said.<\/p>\n<p>Debulal Bawri, a gram panchayat (village council) officer for Kalu, explained that in Bikaner and other districts in the state of Rajasthan, \u201crainfall has become unreliable and [herders and farmers in the area] rely a lot on monsoon rainfall.\u201d As of August 17, this year\u2019s monsoon in Bikaner is <a href=\"http:\/\/hydro.imd.gov.in\/hydrometweb\/(S(ln55ec45gpxr2z2ldkazsq45))\/PdfPageImage.aspx?imgUrl=PRODUCTS\/Rainfall_Maps\/State_Wise_Rainfall_Maps\/DISTRICT_RAINFALL_MAP_state_code_RAJASTHAN_c.JPG&amp;landingpage=other\">23% deficient<\/a> in rainfall.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cMonsoons have been erratic [in this region] over the past few decades and pasture productivity is dependent on good monsoons,\u201d said Sutirtha Dutta, a research associate at the <a href=\"https:\/\/wii.gov.in\">Wildlife Institute of India<\/a> (WII).<\/p>\n<p><strong>See:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/2015\/11\/26\/rajasthani-women-farmers-combat-climate-change-in-the-desert\/\">Rajasthani women farmers combat climate change in the desert<\/a><\/p>\n<p>A \u201cgood monsoon\u201d in Bikaner means between 200-300 millimetres of rain between June and September. More erratic monsoons mean there is often a high amount of rain over fewer days.<\/p>\n<p><iframe style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px;\" src=\"https:\/\/flo.uri.sh\/visualisation\/3495315\/embed\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Another problem, Bawri said, is that \u201cmany buildings are coming up on pastures\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Rewant Jaipal, a programme manager at NGO the Urmul Trust, said that pastures across Bikaner are shrinking due to the growth of agricultural farms and the expansion of built-up areas because of population changes.<\/p>\n<p>But there is hope to arrest the decline.<\/p>\n<p>In December 2019, efforts began to revive pastures in Kalu, as well as the villages of Kelan, Dhani Bhopalaram and Rajasar Bhatiyan in Bikaner. The project focusses on planting trees such as ber, khejri and moringa, and grasses like sewan and daman on grazing land.<\/p>\n<p>In cases where local grasses like sewan<em>, <\/em>daman and phog are already present, the programme ensures that they remain in the landscape, said Jaipal, who has been leading efforts on the ground.<\/p>\n<p>The initiative is part of a programme by the National Rainfed Area Authority. It is being coordinated by India\u2019s <a href=\"http:\/\/agricoop.nic.in\">Union Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare<\/a>, the United Nations\u2019 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.fao.org\/home\/en\/\">Food and Agriculture Organization<\/a> and the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.urmul.org\">Urmul Trust<\/a>, with support from the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.zaubacorp.com\/company\/DESERT-RESOURCE-CENTRE\/U74999RJ2016NPL055485\">Desert Resource Centre<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Ravindranath is employed by the programme under the <u><a href=\"https:\/\/nrega.nic.in\/netnrega\/home.aspx\">Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005<\/a><\/u>. This legislation guarantees 100 days of employment per year to every rural household in India. \u201cThe work that we are doing today\u2026 I have a feeling that we will see its benefits in the next few years,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_37055\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-37055\" style=\"width: 1020px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-37055 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Thar_desert_India_Rewant_Jaipal_2.jpg\" alt=\"Desert ecosystems have been neglected for over a century in India's Thar desert [image by: Rewant Jaipal]\" width=\"1020\" height=\"574\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-37055\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Desert ecosystems have been changed for over a century in India&#8217;s Thar desert [image by: Rewant Jaipal]<\/figcaption><\/figure><br \/>\n<figure id=\"attachment_37056\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-37056\" style=\"width: 1020px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-37056\" src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Thar_desert_India_Rewant_Jaipal_1.jpg\" alt=\"Rural employment guarantee schemes are being used to restore desert ecosystems in the Thar [image by: Rewant Jaipal]\" width=\"1020\" height=\"574\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-37056\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Programmes under rural employment guarantee schemes are being used to restore desert ecosystems in the Thar [image by: Rewant Jaipal]<\/figcaption><\/figure>Chetan Misher, a PhD scholar at the Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.atree.org\/\">ATREE<\/a>), said that restoring grasslands is beneficial for both pastoralists and biodiversity.<\/p>\n<p>Misher stressed that while tree species like ber and khejri are native to the region and have evolved to survive with historically scant rainfall, the same is not true for non-native ones like moringa<em>. <\/em>\u201cDuring monsoons, we hardly get 15-20 days of rainfall and this year has been worse,\u201d he added. Other experts also warn that moringa, which might not survive in the region, should not be planted because it is not native.<\/p>\n<p>Dutta, from the WII, also supported the planting of native vegetation. He said that native grasses and shrubs like sewan and capparis in low densities can support livestock while maintaining the integrity of the desert ecosystem.<\/p>\n<p>But this restoration effort is an exception. The Thar is a victim of unscientific practices that have destroyed pastures.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_37053\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-37053\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-37053\" src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Vegetation_trend_in_Rajasthan.png\" alt=\"Cultivation in arid areas between Phalodi, Phokran and Jodhpur Credits: Processed by Raj Bhagat P using Google Earth Engine; Data: LandSat (USGS)]\" width=\"800\" height=\"716\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-37053\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cultivation in arid areas between Phalodi, Pokhran and Jodhpur. Credits: Processed by Raj Bhagat P using Google Earth Engine; Data: LandSat (USGS)]<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Colonial policies devastated the Thar<\/h2>\n<p>\u201cThe Thar is a climatic desert,\u201d said Ninad Munagi, another researcher at the WII. This means that the region is very hot, with very low precipitation.<\/p>\n<p>Historically, policies have sought to \u201cgreen\u201d the desert and its surrounding areas via cultivation and plantations. This was rooted in the thinking that deserts were inherently \u201cunproductive\u201d. Colonial rule was focussed on higher revenues, and farms were easier to tax.<\/p>\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_37057\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-37057\" style=\"width: 960px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-37057\" src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/greening_Thar_desert_India_Rewant_Jaipal.jpg\" alt=\"Historically, policies have sought to &quot;green&quot; the desert [image by: Rewant Jaipal]\" width=\"960\" height=\"1280\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-37057\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Historically, policies have sought to &#8220;green&#8221; the desert [image by: Rewant Jaipal]<\/figcaption><\/figure>Under British colonial rule in the 19th and 20th centuries, Dutta said, irrigation was introduced to turn arid and semi-arid ecosystems into cropland. The right to graze animals was limited to those who owned the land and used it to cultivate crops. \u201cThis is how nomadic pastoralists turned into sedentary agropastoralists,\u201d Dutta said.<\/p>\n<p>The problem, Misher said, is that \u201cgreening started with people thinking, \u2018How do we make deserts productive?\u2019 not, \u2018Let\u2019s understand what a desert is.\u2019\u201d<\/p>\n<p><strong>See:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/2020\/07\/30\/tending-orchards-in-pakistans-thar-desert-without-flowing-water\/\">Tending orchards in Pakistan\u2019s Thar desert \u2013 without flowing water<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u201cPlanting trees in deserts is as bad as cutting trees in a rainforest since it changes the basic nature of the ecosystem,\u201d said Abi Vanak, a senior fellow and convenor at the Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation at ATREE. He added that the purpose and scale of plantation activities should always be scientific and specific.<\/p>\n<p>Greening has largely occurred on arid scrub savannahs that also functioned as pastures. As well as hurting herders\u2019 livelihoods, many species of animals and plants that have adapted to such climates are now threatened.<\/p>\n<p>The trend is also <a href=\"https:\/\/science.thewire.in\/environment\/when-you-green-a-desert-you-invite-locust-swarms\/\">linked<\/a> to recent locust outbreaks, as large quantities of vegetation provide food for locust swarms. The greened areas act as pit stops in deserts, allowing them to reach previously unfrequented regions like Delhi, Maharashtra and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hindustantimes.com\/india-news\/big-locust-swarm-headed-towards-madhya-pradesh-bypasses-delhi\/story-BrGCONpY39WadMnToMeXUL.html\">Madhya Pradesh<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>See:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/2020\/05\/28\/huge-swarms-of-locusts-could-be-fed-to-chickens\/\">Pakistan turns locust threat into chicken feed<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Though such greening is not a new phenomenon, the rate has picked in the past few decades.<\/p>\n<p>The type of plants in the desert has also changed. Under colonial rule, the British planted woody species because of the demand for timber (which is still strong today).<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIn the case of deserts, we know that planting woody species leads to retention of soil moisture in the ground substrate. In the long term, this can facilitate colonisation by many other species,\u201d the WII\u2019s Munagi said.<\/p>\n<p>After India gained independence in 1947, successive governments continued these irrigation, cultivation and plantation policies. In the 1980s, the Indira Gandhi Canal project, a vast irrigation scheme, led to extensive crop cover in the Thar.<\/p>\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_37054\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-37054\" style=\"width: 1200px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-37054\" src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Google_Earth_Image.jpg\" alt=\"Google Earth Image. A: Indira Gandhi canal in the Jaisalmer district of Rajasthan. B: Raghwa village in Sam tehsil of Jaisalmer district of Rajasthan\" width=\"1200\" height=\"726\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-37054\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A: Indira Gandhi canal in Jaisalmer district of Rajasthan. B: Raghwa village in Sam tehsil of Jaisalmer district [Google Earth Images]<\/figcaption><\/figure><strong>See:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/2020\/06\/17\/in-pakistan-the-thar-desert-waits-for-a-canal\/\">In Pakistan the Thar desert waits for a canal<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Many areas that were irrigated under the project are now infertile. \u201cThere\u2019s no natural outflow of water,\u201d Misher said. This has led to waterlogging and land becoming too saline for agriculture.<\/p>\n<h2>Invasive species colonise the Thar<\/h2>\n<p>One of the biggest reasons for pastures shrinking across Rajasthan and surrounding areas in the Thar is the practice of planting invasive species.<\/p>\n<p>The most notorious among such species is <em>prosopis juliflora<\/em>, a tree from Central America, likely introduced to the Thar between 1980 and 2000. The plant is a \u201cnitrogen-fixer\u201d, said Vanak. This means that it increases nitrogen levels in the soil, so they are not ideal for native plants adapted to nutrient-deficient soils.<\/p>\n<p>Vanak explained that by planting <em>prosopis juliflora<\/em> and enriching the soil with nitrogen, \u201cyou are allowing plants that thrive in such soils to come in and outcompete local species\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Another example is <em>acacia tortilis<\/em>, a tree native to the African savannah. This was planted in Rajasthan in the name of \u201csand dune stabilisation\u201d. But this failed to consider animals like sand grouse and certain lizards, which prefer to burrow in loose sand.<\/p>\n<p>Species like <em>prosopis juliflora<\/em> and <em>acacia tortilis<\/em> are not compatible with the wildlife of arid and semi-arid regions. The blackbuck, great Indian bustard, chinkara gazelle and spiny-tailed lizard \u201cprefer open habitats to detect predators and prey\u2026 the numbers of these wildlife species started decreasing,\u201d Dutta said. He added that in areas where plantations took hold and where water seepage from irrigation was prominent, \u201cspecies like the nilgai [Asia\u2019s largest antelope] that prefer wetter conditions expanded\u2026 this disrupts ecological balance\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Dutta said that the removal of invasive species \u201cwill open up tremendous amounts of land\u201d that could be restored into grasslands.<\/p>\n<h2>Does greening bring rain?<\/h2>\n<p>\u201cIn deserts, \u2018green\u2019 is usually considered divine,\u201d Munagi said. Due to this belief, greening programmes are undertaken even at the local, village-council level.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cOur forefathers have told us that greening brings rainfall,\u201d Bawri said.<\/p>\n<p>But a direct link between greening and rainfall in arid and semi-arid regions in western India has not yet been proven.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cLarge-scale greening in Sahel [the region south of the Sahara in Africa] has feedback impacts on rainfall in the region,\u201d said Jagdish Krishnaswamy, a senior fellow at the Suri Sehgal Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation, ATREE.<\/p>\n<p>But there is no evidence yet that it has an impact on rainfall in the arid and semi-arid regions of north-west India, Krishnaswamy said.<\/p>\n<p><em>Rishika Pardikar is a freelance journalist who tweets @rishpardikar. She is currently pursuing a fellowship with the Urmul Trust <\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Years of unscientific \u2018greening\u2019 combined with recent land-use changes and erratic monsoons have destroyed grasslands in the Thar desert, threatening pastoralists\u2019 way of life. A new project aims to revive them.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2194,"featured_media":20037609,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[761,764],"tags":[511,531,532,607],"hashtags":[],"country":[20000111],"class_list":["post-20037052","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate","category-nature","tag-biodiversity","tag-deforestation","tag-desertification","tag-water-scarcity","country-india"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.0 (Yoast SEO v26.0) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>The destructive \u2018greening\u2019 of the Thar desert in India | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Years of unscientific \u2018greening\u2019 combined with recent land-use changes and erratic monsoons have destroyed grasslands in the Thar desert, threatening pastoralists\u2019 way of life. 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