{"id":20037844,"date":"2020-09-09T12:30:58","date_gmt":"2020-09-09T07:00:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thethirdpole.net\/?p=37844"},"modified":"2021-02-25T21:11:59","modified_gmt":"2021-02-25T15:41:59","slug":"bakarwal-community-faces-dual-threat-pakistan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/nature\/bakarwal-community-faces-dual-threat-pakistan\/","title":{"rendered":"Pakistan\u2019s centuries-old Bakarwal community faces dual threat"},"content":{"rendered":"

Even as the summer drew to an end in the last week of July, the snow had not completely melted in the pastures of Deosai<\/a> in northern Pakistan. This was a problem for Abdul Rauf and 400 other Bakarwal<\/a> families, who had been stuck at an altitude of 12,479 feet in Deosai National Park and the meadows of Astore waiting to graze hundreds of thousands of animals in higher pastures.<\/p>\n

In the winter, these nomadic people erect temporary villages on the plains and low-lying areas and graze their animals in rented fields. In warmer months, they usually move to high-altitude meadows in Azad Kashmir, Swat and Deosai.<\/p>\n

\"Bakarwals
Bakarwals erect temporary villages in low-lying areas during the winter [image by: Professor Mohammad Nafees]<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>Rauf is a member of the nomadic Kalukhel community of traditional sheep and goat herders scattered across the Pir Panjal and Himalayan mountains. For centuries, Bakarwals have centred their lives around rearing sheep and goats (bakra<\/em> in Urdu) and even today accompany their herds across mountains and meadows. In Pakistan, these indigenous communities<\/a> live in the provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab and the region of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Their livelihood depends on the meat, wool and leather obtained from their flock.<\/p>\n

Now, changing weather patterns and administrative hurdles pose major threats to these nomadic people and their culture.<\/p>\n

There are reports<\/a> that Bakarwal families have given up migration due to the challenges of getting grazing permits and frequent conflicts with landowners on migratory routes.<\/p>\n

Read:<\/strong> Bakarwals of Jammu & Kashmir<\/a><\/p>\n

Also read:<\/strong> A return to traditional grazing to save Tibetan grasslands<\/a><\/p>\n

Barkawal community under threat
\n<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Dr Mohammad Nafees, professor in the department of environmental sciences at the University of Peshawar, has researched the indigenous shepherding groups of the Hazara and Malakand divisions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. He found that the Bakarwal community contributes significantly to shaping the environment and economy of the region.<\/p>\n

His study<\/a> was conducted in collaboration with the University of Bern, Switzerland between 2009 and 2012.<\/p>\n

Dr Nafees estimated that there are 7,400 Bakarwal families in Hazara and Malakand and said they have more than one million animals. In total, they contribute about USD 64 million to the province annually, he added.<\/p>\n

No official figures are available for the population of Bakarwals in the country, as the 2017 census did not include nomadic people. These landless communities do not have identity cards, which require a permanent address. They are not registered with the National Database & Registration Authority<\/a> and therefore not counted in any state policy.<\/p>\n

The most reliable data <\/a>on Gujjars is from the Census of India in 1931. It reported there were around 2 million people from these nomadic, cattle-rearing communities, inhabiting eight provinces and Indian states.<\/p>\n

\"Barkawals
No official figures are available for the population of Bakarwals in Pakistan [image by: Abdul Rauf]<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>Dr Nafees said that Bakarwals are part of essential ecosystem services and uphold a national cultural legacy.<\/p>\n

\u201cThese nomads and their herds provide nitrogen and phosphorus to meadows and fix the nutrient cycle,\u201d he said. He added that the animals help pollination and are also the backbone of the organic meat, wool and leather industries.<\/p>\n

\"Bakarwal
An important part of Bakarwals\u2019 livelihood is making wool [image by Abdul Rauf]<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>Bakarwals are often criticised by forest authorities for grazing more animals in a meadow or field than its capacity, illegally cutting down trees and smuggling herbs. However, Dr Nafees addressed this allegation in his research, saying, \u201cthese people manage their business themselves; if there is less grass in pastureland, they move to another\u201d.<\/p>\n

Rauf also denied the allegations of overgrazing. \u201cWe have our own rules. We don\u2019t graze more than 10 families in one field. The forest department has checkposts everywhere \u2013 if these crimes are being committed, the forest department should arrest the culprits,\u201d he told The Third Pole<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Changing weather takes a toll<\/h2>\n

Rauf added that Bakarwals are being forced to abandon their way of life due to prolonged rain and snowfall as well as extreme heat<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe usually begin our journey towards the meadows in Vaisakha [the second month of the Indian calendar, which corresponds to April\/May], but now harsh weather and unscheduled rains create hurdles in our journey. We are late in reaching the pasturelands,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n

\u201cPakistan is facing more late winter rains,\u201d said Sardar Sarfaraz, the director of the country\u2019s meteorological department. \u201cSome studies indicate the lessening of early winter December-January rains and increasing of later winter rains, that can partly be attributed to climate change.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"Snow
Snow in the last week of July in Deosai [image by: Abdul Rauf]<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>Rauf said the animals struggle in extreme heat, remembering a year when \u201cwe spent four months in the Deosai pastures, where the temperature is usually 6C to 8C. But when we reached the plains of Punjab at the end of October, the temperature was above 35C. Our animals could not bear this change in temperature. They fell ill and had to be sold. It was not like this before. This year, it rained heavily in Gilgit-Baltistan, which is why we are returning a month earlier.\u201d<\/p>\n

He added that the same thing happened last year, and the Bakarwals were forced to sell 700 sheep at low prices as they fell ill.<\/p>\n

\u201cA few days ago, 300 of our relatives\u2019 goats died during their journey towards the Ganga peak pastureland in Kashmir because of a drastic change in temperature.\u201d<\/p>\n

Tahir Rasheed is former chief executive of South Punjab Forest Company, a government organisation that aims to promote sustainable forestry investments, and an environmentalist. He said that climate change is the biggest threat to the Bakarwals, adding, \u201cIf there is prolonged snowfall, grass will not be available \u2013 a factor which affects the health and price of the animals.\u201d<\/p>\n

Administrative restrictions<\/h2>\n

In recent years, Bakarwals have protested against the forest department, which has banned them from travelling through the forests of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.<\/p>\n

Ayaz Khan, a member of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa\u2019s forest department, said livestock are banned from crossing the forests on foot in order to protect plants under Prime Minister Imran Khan\u2019s Billion Tree Tsunami<\/a> project.<\/p>\n

Read: <\/strong>Opportunities and challenges of Pakistan\u2019s afforestation drive<\/a><\/p>\n

Khan said, \u201cWhen thousands of animals pass through forests, they eat small plants. Goats especially uproot plants and all the efforts [of the plantation drive] are wasted.\u201d<\/p>\n

As a result, the animals are only allowed to pass in vehicles.<\/p>\n

Bakarwals are reluctant to transport their animals this way, due to the poor condition of roads in the mountain regions. Animals are injured during the rough journey and some are suffocated. Another major factor that compels Bakarwals to travel on foot is that they cannot afford vehicles. They also consider the journey by foot as beneficial to animal health.<\/p>\n

\"herd
The Bakarwals\u2019 animals struggle in extreme heat [image by: Professor Mohammad Nafees]<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\u201cMany of the goats die during the loading and unloading in trucks,\u201d said Sultan Ahmad, a herd keeper from Gujrat.<\/p>\n

According to Jamil Khattana, a professor from Kashmir, \u201cUntil three decades ago, herdsmen had thousands of animals, but now they are limited to a few hundred as pastures are being converted into agricultural land.\u201d<\/p>\n

Protecting Bakarwals and their culture<\/h2>\n

The former top boss of forests, Syed Nasir Mahmood, said the government must protect Bakarwals and formulate a policy to solve their problems as Pakistan has ratified the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) 2007<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe government should create national parks and protected areas but it should also accommodate Bakarwals,\u201d he told The Third Pole<\/a>. \u201cThese communities have been traversing these routes for centuries \u2013 stopping them is a violation of their indigenous rights.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"Barkawal
A girl moving to another area due to the melting of a glacier in Gilgit-Baltistan [image by: WWF]<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>Tahir Rasheed agreed that the government should recognise pastoralists\u2019 role and rights and include the services they provide in the country\u2019s GDP. He said that a new climate calendar should be developed for them, providing weather alerts so they can adjust when they travel.<\/p>\n

Dr Nafees was in favour of involving them in forest policy. \u201cWe can learn from our neighbour Afghanistan,\u201d he said, adding that the country has recognised the Bakarwals as an integral part of national policy. \u201cA system can be created for pastures and agricultural lands so that the land after a certain height will be considered as pasture.\u201d He added that frequent vaccination of Bakarwal cattle would help them withstand harsh weather conditions. Mobile schools, health systems and mobile courts can also be developed.<\/p>\n

Dr Nafees said that if these problems are not addressed, this way of life could die out. \u201cPakistan may lose traditional and affordable livestock production. The meat, leather and wool industry will be affected badly. Most importantly, there will be an imbalance in the mountain ecosystem.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Changing weather patterns and a lack of support from forestry departments mean the future is uncertain for nomadic pastoralists<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":20000286,"featured_media":20037846,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[761,764],"tags":[519,523,555,561],"hashtags":[],"country":[20000112],"class_list":["post-20037844","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate","category-nature","tag-climate-impacts","tag-conservation","tag-indigenous-peoples","tag-livestock","country-pakistan"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nPakistan\u2019s centuries-old Bakarwal community faces dual threat |<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Bakarwals - Changing weather patterns and a lack of support from forestry departments mean the future is uncertain for nomadic pastoralists\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/nature\/bakarwal-community-faces-dual-threat-pakistan\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Pakistan\u2019s centuries-old Bakarwal community faces dual threat\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Changing weather patterns and a lack of support from forestry departments mean the future is uncertain for nomadic pastoralists\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/nature\/bakarwal-community-faces-dual-threat-pakistan\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Dialogue Earth\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2020-09-09T07:00:58+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2021-02-25T15:41:59+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Cattle_being_relocated_WWF.JPG.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"800\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Natalie Taylor\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/nature\/bakarwal-community-faces-dual-threat-pakistan\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/nature\/bakarwal-community-faces-dual-threat-pakistan\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Natalie Taylor\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/669bbcbea17ca34b387a70d2889092dd\"},\"headline\":\"Pakistan\u2019s centuries-old Bakarwal community faces dual threat\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-09-09T07:00:58+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2021-02-25T15:41:59+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/nature\/bakarwal-community-faces-dual-threat-pakistan\/\"},\"wordCount\":1504,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/nature\/bakarwal-community-faces-dual-threat-pakistan\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Cattle_being_relocated_WWF.JPG.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Climate impacts\",\"Conservation\",\"Indigenous peoples\",\"Livestock\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Climate\",\"Nature\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/nature\/bakarwal-community-faces-dual-threat-pakistan\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/nature\/bakarwal-community-faces-dual-threat-pakistan\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/nature\/bakarwal-community-faces-dual-threat-pakistan\/\",\"name\":\"Pakistan\u2019s centuries-old Bakarwal community faces dual threat |\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/nature\/bakarwal-community-faces-dual-threat-pakistan\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/nature\/bakarwal-community-faces-dual-threat-pakistan\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Cattle_being_relocated_WWF.JPG.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-09-09T07:00:58+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2021-02-25T15:41:59+00:00\",\"description\":\"Bakarwals - 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