{"id":20044173,"date":"2020-11-30T12:30:31","date_gmt":"2020-11-30T07:00:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thethirdpole.net\/?p=44173"},"modified":"2021-05-10T14:14:25","modified_gmt":"2021-05-10T08:44:25","slug":"south-and-central-asian-agriculture-under-threat-as-groundwater-plummets","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/water\/south-and-central-asian-agriculture-under-threat-as-groundwater-plummets\/","title":{"rendered":"Plummeting groundwater imperils farming in South, Central Asia"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Globally, 1.2 billion people live in areas where agriculture is severely constrained by water shortages and scarcity \u2013 about one in six people. Nearly half of them live in South Asia, a major United Nations report has said.

In South Asia, around 520 million people live in areas of high water scarcity; in East and Southeast Asia the number is about 460 million. In Central Asia, North Africa and West Asia, about one-fifth of the population live in agricultural areas with very high water shortages or scarcity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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In 1993, the last time the report focused on water<\/a>, it identified countries in \u201cNorth Africa, the Near East and sub-Saharan Africa\u201d as those facing chronic water scarcity problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"FAO<\/div>
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The State of Food and Agriculture (SOFA<\/a>) is one of the flagship publications produced by the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations. This year, the report focused on how water shortages and scarcity are affecting agriculture and food production, highlighting that \u201cpersistent and severe droughts, exacerbated by climate change, are causing increasingly serious water shortages in rainfed agriculture.\u201d

The report differentiates between water scarcity (the imbalance between supply and demand for freshwater resources) and water shortages (reflected in drought frequency inadequate rainfall patterns). Globally, available freshwater per person has declined by more than 20% over the past 20 years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u201cThe urgency that comes out of the report is really the take-home message,\u201d said Andrea Cattaneo, senior economist and editor of the report, speaking at the webcast launch.

\u201cWe\u2019ve known for a long time that water is a challenge,\u201d Cattaneo added, \u201cbut what surprised us if you take into consideration people who are borderline severely water-constrained, that number increases to three billion people in just agricultural areas \u2013 who could tip over to being water constrained\u2026 This is a longstanding problem, but with acceleration, with climate change being already with us looking at these three billion people who are at risk really gives us a sense of urgency.\u201d

The need for bold and immediate action on water shortages and scarcity in agriculture is stressed throughout the report and was repeated by speakers during the webcast.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Maximo Torero Cullen, chief economist of the FAO, said that as things stand, meeting the UN\u2019s sustainable development goals by 2030 will be a \u201cchallenge\u201d without action to combat water scarcity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Central Asia of particular concern<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The report highlights Central Asia, stating that the region faces \u201crecurring agricultural drought on more than half of its low-input rainfed cropland, and almost all of its irrigated areas are under high or very high water stress\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"total<\/div>
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The authors found that Central Asia has the highest levels of total water withdrawals per capita, reaching almost 2,000 cubic metres per person in 2017. In comparison, this was less than 130 cubic metres in sub-Saharan Africa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cattaneo said, \u201cCentral Asia is particularly challenging because 90% of the irrigated component of agriculture is already under high or very high water stress. What I think compounds the challenge is that about 60% of low-input rainfed agriculture is also severely affected by recurrent droughts. Where in other regions you might be able to balance the challenges in irrigation with improving water harvesting and conservation in rainfed areas, here you really have to act on both the irrigated and rainfed sides\u2026 It\u2019s an area that should be a priority.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The report stresses that increasing scarcity will lead to competition for and conflict over water, citing political tensions in the Syr Darya water basin in Central Asia to illustrate how this can happen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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The report stresses that increasing scarcity will lead to competition for and conflict over water, citing political tensions in the Syr Darya water basin in Central Asia to illustrate how this can happen<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"global<\/div>
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Agriculture\u2019s water footprint<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The report focuses on the need for agriculture to adapt as climate change amplifies existing inequities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Agriculture is the world\u2019s largest user of freshwater, with irrigated agriculture accounting for more than 70% of global water withdrawals, said Torero Cullen. He added that one billion hectares of agricultural land face severe water constraint.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Furthermore, he said, 41% of withdrawals are not compatible with sustaining ecosystem services.
As populations increase and diets change, agriculture\u2019s demand for water is growing.

\u201cIn Asia,\u201d the report says, \u201cdeclining large-scale state-funded surface irrigation has led to farmers tapping directly into groundwater, placing excessive pressure on the resource.\u201d

Countries in South Asia irrigate and use modern methods on about half of the region\u2019s cropland; most irrigated areas are highly water stressed. The authors emphasise that small-scale farmers and rural populations without access to modern methods of irrigation will be most at risk of scarcity in the coming years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Meet the challenge with management<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

As rainfall patterns change and the effects of climate change are felt, pressures on agriculture will increase. Poor, rural populations are most at risk. The report stresses the fundamental need to tackle climate change to prevent further deterioration.

Ismahane Elouafi, chief scientist at the FAO, gave a practical example of what this means. Warmer temperatures mean more water is needed to grow crops such as rice, she said, with farmers in the developing world at the mercy of the weather. Technologies in small-scale irrigation are therefore needed.

\u201cThere is a perception of growing scarcity but the real challenge is management,\u201d said David Zilberman, professor of agricultural and resource economics at University of California, Berkeley, speaking at the launch. He pointed out there are many ways to address these challenges.

The depletion of freshwater resources underscores the \u201cimportance of producing more with less, especially in the agriculture sector,\u201d the report stresses.

To meet these challenges, the report identifies three areas for action:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  1. Use technology and water management to ensure more productive use of water in agriculture (rainfed and irrigated)<\/li>
  2. Set up institutions and legal frameworks that safeguard ecological flows to maintain ecosystem function<\/li>
  3. Create an overall policy environment to promote the sustainable and equitable management of water<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n
    <\/div>
    Recommended<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/a>\n\n\n\n

    A holistic approach is also needed. Torero Cullen pointed out that policies often result in unexpected trade-offs. For example, using solar panels to irrigate crops makes use of sustainable energy, but means unsustainable extraction of groundwater can continue. The water sector can be affected by policies in apparently unconnected domains, such as trade, energy, agricultural subsidies and poverty reduction, but these impacts are often not considered.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    The UN\u2019s State of Food and Agriculture report has identified these as areas of particular concern, and called for \u201cimmediate\u201d action<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":20000286,"featured_media":20059174,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[761,50039903],"tags":[50040317,20000060,50040707,607],"hashtags":[],"country":[20000116,20000110,20000111,20028672,20027586,20000112,20027585,50040741,20027811],"class_list":["post-20044173","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate","category-water","tag-farming","tag-groundwater","tag-the-third-pole","tag-water-scarcity","country-bangladesh","country-china","country-india","country-kazakhstan","country-kyrgyzstan","country-pakistan","country-tajikistan","country-turkmenistan","country-uzbekistan"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nPlummeting groundwater imperils 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