{"id":20049133,"date":"2020-10-16T12:30:46","date_gmt":"2020-10-16T07:00:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thethirdpole.net\/?p=39683"},"modified":"2022-02-10T23:37:31","modified_gmt":"2022-02-10T18:07:31","slug":"pakistan-government-aims-to-protect-new-parks-but-neglects-the-old","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/nature\/pakistan-government-aims-to-protect-new-parks-but-neglects-the-old\/","title":{"rendered":"Pakistan government aims to protect new parks but neglects the old"},"content":{"rendered":"

At Chitral Gol National Park, the unthinkable has happened. Attempts to hunt the protected Kashmir markhor have increased in recent months<\/a>; previously, poaching was nearly eliminated in the area. What is worse is that the culprits are none other than people from nearby villages \u2013 members of the very community that was supposed to protect this near-threatened mountain goat, which has been on the IUCN\u2019s Red List since 2015.
\n\u201cIt has happened twice this month and both times it was the park wardens who alerted the forest department,\u201d said Alamzaib, chair of the park association. Wardens and the province\u2019s wildlife department also told The Third Pole<\/a> that poaching by locals is happening.
\nDeclared a protected area in 1984, the 77.5 square kilometre park in Pakistan\u2019s Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province is home to snow leopards and the largest surviving population of the Kashmir markhor. The park, which is surrounded by mountains, is also where one can see the country\u2019s four national symbols; markhor (national animal), deodar (national tree), chakor (national bird) and jasmine (national flower).<\/p>\n

\"Hingol
It is becoming increasingly difficult to cajole the 16 community watchers working alongside the 31 government ones, at Hingol National Park, to continue working without the incentive of salaries, say government officials [Image by: Ghulam Rasool]<\/figcaption><\/figure>From 50 markhors in 1984, a census carried out in December 2019 put the population at over 4,000. Alamzaib said this rise is thanks largely to the community watchmen.
\nSee:<\/strong> Trophy hunting protects Pakistan\u2019s markhor, brings prosperity to villages<\/a>
\nBut for the past one-and-a-half years, the park\u2019s 13 community watchmen have not been paid their monthly salary of PKR 15,000 (USD 90). There used to be twice as many wardens, but layoffs as a result of dwindling funds have reduced their numbers over the years.
\nNearly two decades ago<\/a>, these watchmen were recruited from local communities to supplement the duties of government-hired guards. The government employees are hired by provincial wildlife departments, while the community watchmen are hired under a government project.
\nThey are engaged in conservation activities, park planning and management. Hailed as an innovative approach at the time, this project gave communities ownership of the protected area, with benefits for biodiversity conservation.<\/p>\n

\"markhor
Declared a protected park in 1984, the 77.5 sq km Chitral Gol National Park is famous for markhor, deodar trees, chukor (partridge) and jasmine \u2013 all national emblems [Image by: Ghulam Rasool]<\/figcaption><\/figure>\u201cWith no economic benefits in sight, conservation often becomes the first casualty,\u201d Alamzaib told The Third Pole<\/a>.
\nThe guards\u2019 duties include stopping villagers from collecting firewood or grazing livestock, cutting trees or hunting.
\n\u201cThe park is huge and it requires an army of watchmen to protect it,\u201d said trekker Imran Schah, a Chitrali settled in Islamabad, who has taken tour groups to the park four times a year since 1999. \u201cThe terrain is tough and the job of these watchmen is extremely tough.\u201d
\n\u201cWithout their help, it simply means more work for us and more ground to protect,\u201d said FK, a government-appointed guard who spoke to The Third Pole<\/a> on condition of anonymity.
\nChitral Gol National Park is not the only one suffering. Sixteen community watchmen in the Hingol National Park in Balochistan province and 12 in Machiara National Park in Pakistan-administered Kashmir have also been shortchanged.
\nBright idea that fizzled out <\/strong>
\nIn 1999, the World Bank calculated<\/a> Pakistan was losing the equivalent to 3% of GDP per year due to pollution and environmental damage. It identified the conservation of Pakistan\u2019s natural resources as an urgent priority.
\nThus, in 2001 the government launched the Protected Areas Management Project (PAMP) in Chitral Gol, Hingol and Machiara national parks, which an independent evaluation<\/a> had described as \u201cthreatened and globally important due to their species diversity, endemism and degree of threat\u201d.
\nKey to achieving this was co-management with local communities. The idea was to integrate local communities from villages surrounding the parks and give them decision-making roles.<\/p>\n

\"Hingol
Sunset at Hingol National Park, one of the 31 national parks in Pakistan, established in 1988 [Image by: Ghulam Rasool]<\/figcaption><\/figure>With a grant fund of USD 10 million from the Global Environment Facility (GEF) Trust Fund<\/a>, and the World Bank administering the fund as a GEF trustee<\/a>, PAMP was implemented from 2003 to 2009.
\nAfter 2009, a Fund for Protected Area (FPA) was established by the federal government for the sustainable management of the parks.
\n\u201cThis was a landmark project, not just for Pakistan but the World Bank, as for the very first time the management of national parks involved communities within and around the protected areas,\u201d said former chief conservator and founder of the KP wildlife department Muhammad Mumtaz Malik, who is currently the chairman of the FPA. He is one of the three permanent board of directors managing the funds.
\nIn 2009, the World Bank\u2019s Independent Evaluation Group termed the PAMP \u201cmoderately satisfactory\u201d<\/a> on most accounts, but highlighted its weakness in growing the original endowment fund.
\nPark management goes awry <\/strong>
\nFor years, the FPA ran well. The salaries of the guards and the development funds (used to build and repair roads, water-supply schemes and improve sanitation) for the villages were paid regularly \u2013 until the retirement of the chief executive in March 2018.
\n\u201cThese watchmen have not been paid because the new chief executive has not found the time in the last 18 months to call a meeting to approve funds that need to be disbursed,\u201d said Malik.
\nMuhammad Suleyman Khan Warraich, the interim chief executive of the FPA, told The Third Pole<\/a>: \u201cWe are very aware of the loss to communities and are trying our best to find ways through passage of a special resolution to ensure payments of arrears to the communities while the FPA board gets reconstituted.\u201d
\nHe was optimistic that \u201ceverything will fall in place\u201d by the end of 2020.
\nConservation in doldrums<\/strong>
\nWithout salaries \u201cit is becoming increasingly difficult to placate and cajole the community watchers to continue working\u201d, said Raja Asif Latif, the deputy conservator of forests at the Balochistan Forest and Wildlife Department. He manages the 6,100 sq km Hingol National Park along the Makran coast, which is home to urial sheep, ibex, chinkara gazelle and hundreds of reptile species.<\/p>\n

\"Chitral
Chitral Gol National Park: \u201cWith no economic benefits, conservation goes out of the window,\u201d said Alamzaib, chairman of the park association [Image by: Ghulam Rasool]<\/figcaption><\/figure>\u201cIt is unfair to continue dangling a lollipop in front of the watchers by saying they will be paid soon,\u201d said Mir Aurangzaib of the Machiara park association. He said he feared that if the community watchmen discontinue their work, it will not be possible to control poaching of the park\u2019s rare pheasants.
\nSurprisingly, some community watchmen continue to show up for work.
\n\u201cOnce you\u2019ve had a taste of this life, you cannot adjust to the crowded, noisy concrete jungles,\u201d said 46-year-old Rehmanuddin, who has worked as a watchman at the Chitral park for over 10 years.
\nBut as the internal wrangling continues, experts worry such voluntary efforts will stop and gains made in winning communities over to conservation will be lost.
\nIt took \u201cuntiring efforts of local, provincial, national and international conservationists over a period of two decades to win the trust of the local communities and it will all be undone,\u201d worried Latif.
\n\u201cThe worst [thing] that one can do is to interrupt a longstanding arrangement with communities for protection and management of protected areas,\u201d said Vaqar Zakaria, managing director of Hagler Bailly Pakistan, a firm that carries out environmental consultancy work. Zakaria has helped the government set up several national parks in the country.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Hingol National Park: it is not just the salaries that have discontinued; the development fund for the villages has also put a stop to the building and repair of roads, water supply, better sanitation [Image by: Ghulam Rasool]<\/figcaption><\/figure>Lessons learnt<\/strong>
\nWhat was a good model under the PAMP, which would ideally have been replicated, today is fighting for its survival.
\nEnvironmental lawyer Sara Hayat questioned the government\u2019s intention of holding onto national parks.
\n\u201cThe management of national parks will only be effective and their caretakers dealt with fairly if control is delegated to the constitutionally-mandated authorities,\u201d Hayat said.
\nRead:<\/strong> Why Pakistan needs to go beyond tree planting<\/a>
\nReferring to the recent announcement<\/a> by the government that it will protect 15 national parks under its Protected Area Initiative as part of the Green Stimulus vision, she added that it was pointless to announce the creation of 5,000 new jobs if \u201cbureaucratic hurdles won\u2019t even let you pay the existing employees their salaries\u201d.
\nRead:<\/strong> Pakistan\u2019s climate change advisor writes on its new green stimulus package<\/a>
\nAccording to Zakaria, PAMP was a well-intentioned project, but, with a few exceptions, most national parks in Pakistan remain \u201cpaper parks\u201d.
\n\u201cThe political leadership and the forest and wildlife departments have yet to develop an appreciation for the ecosystems and the landscapes that support them,\u201d he said.
\nA shift in thinking by leaders from trees to species and ecosystems, and fundamental reforms at the institutional level are needed if future generations are to inherit living landscapes, Zakaria concluded.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The government has expressed a commitment to increase protected areas as part of its Green Stimulus package, but its failure to pay the salaries of wardens at key national parks exposes a flawed approach to conservation<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":20000276,"featured_media":20054686,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[50039900,764],"tags":[511,523,582,610],"hashtags":[],"country":[20000112],"class_list":["post-20049133","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-justice","category-nature","tag-biodiversity","tag-conservation","tag-protected-areas","tag-wildlife","country-pakistan"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nPakistan government aims to protect new parks but neglects the old | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The government has expressed a commitment to increase protected areas as part 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She also contributes regularly to the Inter Press Service.","url":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/author\/zofeen-t-ebrahim\/","sameAs":["https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/author\/zofeen-t-ebrahim\/"]}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20049133","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/20000276"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=20049133"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20049133\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/20054686"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=20049133"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=20049133"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=20049133"},{"taxonomy":"hashtags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/hashtags?post=20049133"},{"taxonomy":"country","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/country?post=20049133"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}