{"id":20066208,"date":"2021-02-18T12:30:00","date_gmt":"2021-02-18T07:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thethirdpole.net\/?p=66208"},"modified":"2022-01-10T22:21:16","modified_gmt":"2022-01-10T16:51:16","slug":"indias-white-rumped-vultures","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/nature\/indias-white-rumped-vultures\/","title":{"rendered":"New plan may finally save India\u2019s vultures"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

On October 8, 2020, eight satellite-tagged white-rumped vultures that were bred in captivity were released<\/a> from an aviary near the Pinjore vulture conservation breeding centre in northern Haryana. The project had been in the works for years. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe monitored vulture populations in a 100-kilometre radius of the aviary. We also monitored the area for [vulture-toxic] drugs, the food availability, diet and everything,\u201d said Vibhu Prakash, deputy director of Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS), a conservation NGO. Around 300 captive vultures<\/a>, divided between three species \u2013 white-rumped, Indian and slender-billed \u2013 are fed and housed in Pinjore, in the foothills of the Himalayas in India. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vulture population decline<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The Pinjore breeding centre, a collaboration between BNHS and the Haryana government, was set up in 2004 in response to a catastrophic vulture die-off<\/a> \u2013 some 20 million to 40 million birds perished in just over a decade. Only a few thousand survived and the three species are listed as \u201ccritically endangered\u201d by the IUCN.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Captive<\/div>
Captive white-rumped\u00a0vultures\u00a0at the Pinjore aviary in Haryana [Image: Chris Bowden\/RSPB]<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The cause: inadvertent poisoning<\/a> by Diclofenac \u2013 an anti-inflammatory medicine used since the 1980s to treat sick cows. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vultures that fed on Diclofenac-laced carcasses died<\/a> from kidney failure, collapsing into trees, fields and garbage dumps, their blood full of uric acid, crystallising around their organs. The drug was banned for veterinary use in India, Nepal, Pakistan in 2006 and Bangladesh in 2010.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Pinjore centre had a simple goal: to provide a breeding reserve of vultures for take-off into a Diclofenac-free world. That was why Prakash and his team kept waiting till they found Diclofenac use had fallen significantly around Pinjore.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government\u2019s new plan<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Fourteen years after the first ban, Diclofenac use has fallen, but the drug is still around. Several other Diclofenac-like painkillers used in veterinary care also lethal in vultures are contributing to the death toll<\/a>. Bird numbers have continued to decline, though at a much slower rate. However, results of a recent survey<\/a> show that among white-rumped vulture, the decline \u201cmay have reversed\u201d. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Finally, in November 2020, the Indian government released the Action Plan for Vulture Conservation in India 2020-2025<\/a>, an ambitious conservation strategy to establish new breeding centres like the one in Pinjore, set up new vulture hubs in each state, and provide better monitoring including a nationwide population count of the birds. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe really have to appreciate the new vulture action plan,\u201d said S Bharathidasan, Secretary, Arulagam, a wildlife conservation NGO in Tamil Nadu. The plan was comprehensive in scope and plugged important policy gaps, he added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conservationists say the most significant points in the plan are stricter audits on the sale and use of anti-inflammatory medication like Diclofenac; vulture safety trials for several Diclofenac-like drugs; and the automatic withdrawals of all veterinary drugs found to be toxic in vultures. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Law is not enough<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The 2006 ban suffered from lack of implementation. The drug is legal for human use, so the Diclofenac supply line continued to flow. There were alleged cases of some pharmaceutical firms selling Diclofenac in large bottles meant for use on cattle, with just the label changed to say it was meant for human consumption.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Human<\/div>
Human Diclofenac in cattle-size doses [Image: Aditya Roy\/Soar Excursions]<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In 2015, the government made another attempt to implement the law by restricting vial sizes<\/a> to three millilitres. But a study originally published in the Bird Conservation International journal in 2020, Trends in the availability of the vulture-toxic drug, diclofenac, and other NSAIDs in South Asia, as revealed by covert pharmacy surveys<\/a>, said that while Diclofenac had mostly been withdrawn from medicine shops in Bangladesh and Nepal, it was still widely available in Indian pharmacies, offered by 10-46% of attendants surveyed. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Now the government\u2019s plan is to toughen conditions under which Diclofenac and related drugs are sold to patients. Chemists will not only have to continue to sell the drug only when they see a prescription, they will also have to keep a copy of the prescription for inspection by the government. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The action plan also calls on animal husbandry departments in all state governments to ensure that veterinary care is provided only by qualified doctors. There have been reports that untrained people overdose sick cows \u2013 sometimes by as much as 35 times the regular dose. This turns the cattle carcasses into a lethal meal for vultures. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bad habits die hard<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Diclofenac is a habit that has stuck partly due to a lack of choice. Meloxicam, the only vulture-safe Diclofenac substitute, is not popular among veterinarians in India. In 2017, a survey of pharmacies revealed that Meloxicam accounted for only 32% of NSAID<\/a> products<\/a> available.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cDiclofenac is familiar to the vets. Its properties are a bit different to Meloxicam \u2013 it acts a bit quicker on the animal, and it has anti-pyretic properties which means it reduces fever as well,\u201d said Chris Bowden, programme manager of SAVE (Saving Asia\u2019s Vultures from Extinction), an alliance of 24 science-based organisations. \u201cHaving said that, vets in other parts of the world have accepted Meloxicam as a very good drug.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stamping Diclofenac out will not be enough either. Aceclofenac, another anti-inflammatory medicine, changes into Diclofenac<\/a> in a cow\u2019s body, and kills vultures in just the same way. Despite evidence<\/a> of this since 2012, the drug has not been banned. Safety tests are pending before the Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe IVRI safety testing work has progressed, but it has been at a pace which unfortunately will not be quick enough to save vultures,\u201d said Bowden. Injectable formulations of the medicine \u2013 which endear it to vets \u2013 were recently approved by the Indian government. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Other legal veterinary drugs such as Nimesulide \u2013 widely used in India \u2013 and Ketoprofen, both found to be lethal in vultures, are legal for veterinary use. Some other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) \u2013 all Diclofenac-type medicines \u2013 have never been tested on vultures by pharmaceutical companies or governments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But now the vulture action plan recommends clinical trials on scavenging birds for all NSAIDs and recommends that their manufacture should be contingent on the drugs passing the test. The plan also creates a new pathway for prohibition: drugs determined to be lethal to vultures by a scientific study published in a journal of international repute can be withdrawn from the veterinary market.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIt is an incredibly ambitious plan. And if they [the government] achieve in the next five years everything they have said that needs to be done, then vultures will be in a far healthier position in five years\u2019 time than they are now,\u201d said John Mallord, senior conservation scientist at the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds and one of the authors of the covert pharmacy surveys paper.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

India\u2019s effort to protect its last white-rumped vulture populations will hinge on its ability to enforce the five-year strategy, Prakash of BNHS agreed. \u201cWe have to follow the plan. We can\u2019t have a casual attitude.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Releasing vultures into the wild<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the other face of the conservation effort continues \u2013 to breed vultures and release them into the wild. Breeding stations like Pinjore feed wild vultures to help familiarise captive-reared birds with their wild counterparts. \u201cWe have been getting about 200 wild vultures over three years of feeding them, and there have been very good interactions between the captive and wild vultures,\u201d said Prakash.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, when the eight birds were released, they stayed inside the aviary for many hours after the nets were opened. Meanwhile, wild vultures continued to visit. \u201cThe birds didn\u2019t go out for two days at all, the wild birds would come, and gradually they [the captive vultures] started going out,\u201d said Prakash. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The satellite tags on the eight white-rumped vultures help the Pinjore centre staff monitor their movements \u2013 where they roam, what they eat. \u201cWe are still monitoring them, keeping an eye on them,\u201d Prakash said four months after the release into the wild.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By February 2021, the eight birds hover on their own \u2013 about 50 km from the aviary. They haven\u2019t joined the wild vultures yet. \u201cAlthough they fly with them, they sit in different areas,\u201d Prakash said, \u201cWe are still providing food, although some of them have started finding food. And so far, there is no drug-related mortality, which is very good.\u201d <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

New plan tightens ban on cattle medicine that is wiping out white-rumped vultures; now it all depends on implementation<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3569,"featured_media":20066239,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[764],"tags":[511,523,20000628],"hashtags":[],"country":[20000111],"class_list":["post-20066208","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nature","tag-biodiversity","tag-conservation","tag-science","country-india"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nNew plan may save India\u2019s white-rumped vultures | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"New plan tightens ban on cattle medicine that is wiping out white-rumped vultures; now it all depends on implementation\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/nature\/indias-white-rumped-vultures\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"New plan may finally save India\u2019s vultures\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"New plan tightens ban on cattle medicine that is wiping out white-rumped vultures; 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