{"id":20072379,"date":"2021-05-12T12:30:00","date_gmt":"2021-05-12T07:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thethirdpole.net\/?p=72379"},"modified":"2021-05-12T23:11:04","modified_gmt":"2021-05-12T17:41:04","slug":"covid-air-pollution-india","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/pollution\/covid-air-pollution-india\/","title":{"rendered":"Air pollution adds to India\u2019s pandemic pain"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Anju Verma tested positive for the coronavirus in September 2020, along with the rest of her family. With chronic asthma since childhood, Verma was dreading the impact. Instead, the 47-year-old homeopathic medicine practitioner was surprised to find that she was largely in better shape during the course of the illness than the rest of her family, with only occasional breathlessness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Unfortunately, her ordeal did not end after her recovery. She is one of many who are no longer ill with the virus but are still suffering from a range of side effects months after the infection \u2013 a condition broadly known as \u2018long Covid\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<a class=\"wp-block-cd-related-news alignright block--related-news loading\" data-post-id=\"20020524\"><div class=\"block--related-news__image\"><\/div><div class=\"block--related-news__content\"><span class=\"block--related-news__heading\">Recommended<\/span><span class=\"block--related-news__title\"><\/span><\/div><\/a>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cAfter having Covid-19, over the last six months I\u2019ve been feeling more breathless if I\u2019m exerting myself, and since then I had about five full-blown asthmatic attacks,\u201d she said. This was something that had not occurred with such frequency before. These days, she said, \u201cI\u2019m more prone [than before suffering from Covid-19] to asthma attacks, particularly when pollution worsens during seasonal changes, or around Diwali.\u201d The Hindu festival of lights, marked by fireworks in much of India, leads to a <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/pollution\/gasping-delhi-awaits-diwali-pollution-explosion\/\">sharp rise in air pollution<\/a> that can last for days.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As a new wave of Covid-19 ravages India, Verma isolates at home and only offers online consultations, for fear of being infected again.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-links-between-india-s-air-pollution-and-covid-19\">Links between India\u2019s air pollution and Covid-19<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Asthma has been steadily rising as a disease burden <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/journals\/langlo\/article\/PIIS2214-109X(18)30409-1\/fulltext\">since 1990<\/a>, at the same time as India\u2019s air pollution figures have become <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iqair.com\/world-most-polluted-cities\">the worst in the world<\/a>. The country is home to nine of the 10 most polluted cities on the planet. Even before the pandemic, a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/journals\/lanplh\/article\/PIIS2542-5196(20)30298-9\/fulltext#back-bib76\">landmark global study<\/a> found that in 2019 alone, 1.67 million deaths were attributable to air pollution, nearly 18% of all deaths in India.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<iframe src=\"https:\/\/flo.uri.sh\/visualisation\/6111787\/embed\" title=\"Interactive or visual content\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" style=\"width:100%;height:600px;\" sandbox=\"allow-same-origin allow-forms allow-scripts allow-downloads allow-popups allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox allow-top-navigation-by-user-activation\"><\/iframe><div style=\"width:100%!;margin-top:4px!important;text-align:right!important;\"><a class=\"flourish-credit\" href=\"https:\/\/public.flourish.studio\/visualisation\/6111787\/?utm_source=embed&amp;utm_campaign=visualisation\/6111787\" target=\"_top\" style=\"text-decoration:none!important\" rel=\"noopener\"><\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Now a growing body of research points to long-term exposure to poor air quality as a risk factor that may aggravate Covid-19 outcomes as well. In October 2020, researchers at the London School of Economics and the University of Leeds in the UK <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lse.ac.uk\/granthaminstitute\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/working-paper-352-Austin-et-al-1.pdf\">compared levels of exposure to air pollution<\/a> in the US to the incidence of Covid-19. They found that an increase of just one microgram of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) per cubic metre of air \u201cincreases the number of confirmed cases by roughly 2% from the mean case rate in a [US] county\u201d. The relationship between counted cases and exposure to PM 2.5 \u2013 particles with a diameter of 2.5 micrometres or less, so fine that they can penetrate the bloodstream through the lungs \u2013 worsened during periods of poor air quality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cd-pull-quote block--pull-quote\"><div class=\"block--pull-quote__wrapper\"><blockquote class=\"block--pull-quote__quote\">Air pollution may weaken the immune system against Covid-19; PM 2.5 particles can also act as virus carriers<\/blockquote><cite class=\"block--pull-quote__cite\">Debashis Nath, Sun Yat-sen University, China<\/cite><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Air pollution plays two parts in this pandemic, said Debashis Nath, a researcher at the School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat\u2010sen University, in China. \u201cIt may weaken your immune system, which makes you more susceptible to the Covid-19 infection.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cBut PM 2.5 particles in the atmosphere can also act as carriers. The virus sits on them and lingers for longer in the environment.\u201d As well as pollution, Nath\u2019s early research on 20 Indian cities that at the beginning of the pandemic counted more than 500 cases suggests that temperature and humidity also contribute to creating a fertile environment for the virus to thrive. Nath\u2019s team found that in the initial phase of the spread, most new Covid-19 cases \u201care clustered at temperature and humidity ranging within 27 and 32 degrees Celsius and 25 to 45%, respectively.\u201d Because it is airborne, Nath explained, the coronavirus has \u201ca close dependence on environmental factors like temperature and humidity\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These findings, the authors argue, will help predict future Covid\u201019 outbreaks and model vulnerable cities based on environmental conditions. But once the virus starts spreading among people, the so-called \u2018community spread\u2019, the fact that cities like Delhi currently fall in the ideal temperature range for the virus to survive only add to its unstoppable proliferation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-a-doctor-s-view\">A doctor\u2019s view<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<a class=\"wp-block-cd-related-news alignright block--related-news loading\" data-post-id=\"20049129\"><div class=\"block--related-news__image\"><\/div><div class=\"block--related-news__content\"><span class=\"block--related-news__heading\">Recommended<\/span><span class=\"block--related-news__title\"><\/span><\/div><\/a>\n\n\n\n<p>Hundreds of patients, many in critical condition, receive care at the Holy Family Hospital in Delhi. It is one of the top health facilities in the country and has been at the forefront of the Covid-19 response since last year. Paediatrician Dinesh Raj is among the doctors working flat out to keep the Covid-19 ward going. \u201cHaving been treating Covid patients, I feel that people who have compromised lungs are more likely to have bad outcomes,\u201d he said. \u201cAnd it has been proven that increased pollution leads to weaker lungs.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>He explained that there are many factors that can contribute to poor outcomes for Covid-19 patients, such as obesity, diabetes, or hypertension.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cd-pull-quote block--pull-quote\"><div class=\"block--pull-quote__wrapper\"><blockquote class=\"block--pull-quote__quote\">Indians are born with a lower lung volume to begin with, plus chronic exposure to air pollution<\/blockquote><cite class=\"block--pull-quote__cite\">Dinesh Raj, Holy Family Hospital, New Delhi<\/cite><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cIt is very difficult to say how much pollution is contributing to [the severity of each case],\u201d he said. \u201cBut due to factors such as mother and child malnutrition, Indians are born [on average] with a lower lung volume to begin with, plus chronic exposure to air pollution.\u201d The lung function of a 40-year-old Indian, he said, is not the same as a 40-year-old born and raised in Europe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cWe have an inherent disadvantage. We have been seeing a lot of young people in their 30s and 40s, without any significant comorbidities, admitted with Covid-19 leading to severe lung disease.\u201d In India, Raj explained, as well as neighbouring countries such as Bangladesh and Pakistan, the virus is harder to control for several reasons. In addition to lung capacity being weakened by chronic air pollution exposure, \u201chow can a family of six who stay in a single room maintain basic social distancing? Despite knowing fully how this virus transmits, we cannot prevent [the contagion] from increasing [among] this socio-demographic.\u201d He added: \u201cThis epidemic is bound to have bigger effects on India [than in the rest of the world]. It&#8217;s very, very difficult to stop.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Indians\u2019 ability to fight Covid-19 impaired because their lungs have been weakened by air pollution <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":20000114,"featured_media":20072386,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[760],"tags":[14274,20000838,551],"hashtags":[],"country":[20000111],"class_list":["post-20072379","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-pollution","tag-air-pollution","tag-covid-19","tag-health","country-india"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.0 (Yoast SEO v26.0) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Air pollution adds to India\u2019s pandemic pain | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A growing body of 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