{"id":20075265,"date":"2021-07-01T12:30:00","date_gmt":"2021-07-01T07:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thethirdpole.net\/?p=75265"},"modified":"2022-09-06T16:47:30","modified_gmt":"2022-09-06T11:17:30","slug":"monsoon-bring-nepals-mountain-slopes-crashing-down","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/monsoon-bring-nepals-mountain-slopes-crashing-down\/","title":{"rendered":"Monsoon brings Nepal\u2019s mountain slopes crashing down"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Even before the main rains came, the pre-monsoon rains had saturated Nepal\u2019s slopes. On 11 June the monsoon arrived, and with it disasters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Authority<\/a> (NDRRMA), 20 people are missing and five have been killed. Nearly 1,000 households have been displaced, 400 houses fully damaged and 100 partially damaged. Twenty bridges, seven roads and 14 hydropower stations have also been damaged so far.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Record rainfall in mountain districts<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Record-breaking pre-monsoon rainfall set the stage for this devastation. Much of the rain fell in high mountain areas, especially the trans-Himalayan districts also called rain shadow areas, and the monsoon rains have continued the same pattern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

476%<\/p>

More rain than average in the district of Mustang in May<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In May, the normally arid northwest districts of Manang and Mustang recorded unusual levels of precipitation. Normally rainfall for May in Manang is 24 millimetres and 19 mm in Mustang, according to data from the Nepali government\u2019s Department of Hydrology and Meteorology. This year they received 166 mm and 89 mm, respectively. \u201cIt was 693% more than normal for Manang and 476% for Mustang this year,\u201d the department reported on its Facebook<\/a> page.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The monsoon rainfall has also been much higher than normal. \u201cIn those districts about 60% of total monsoon rainfall for this year has already occurred in just a couple of weeks,\u201d said Indira Kandel, head of climate analysis at the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The rhythm of rainfall has changed in the past few years across the Himalayas including Nepal<\/blockquote>Arun Bhakta Shrestha, ICIMOD<\/cite><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On 15 June a massive flood hit Chame, the district capital of Manang. The rainfall that day was the second-highest recorded \u2013 60.6 mm. The following day the region recorded the highest ever daily rainfall of 82.23 mm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThis single event does not give a picture of what is happening with rainfall patterns, but we can certainly say that the rhythm of rainfall has changed in the past few years across the Himalayas including Nepal. [The] upward movement of rain is something that needs to be considered seriously and demands close monitoring to understand the changing climate,\u201d said Arun Bhakta Shrestha, the regional programme manager looking at river basins and the cryosphere at the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD).  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Shrestha\u2019s colleague at ICIMOD, the water and climate specialist Santosh Nepal, said: \u201cIn the context of climate change, rainfall patterns are likely to change in the future including extreme rainfall events. In Nepal, intense precipitation (or extreme rainfall) events are likely to increase in frequency towards the end of the century as per the Climate Change Scenarios for Nepal<\/a> report prepared for the National Adaptation Plan by the Ministry of Forests and Environment.” <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Landslide leads to Melamchi river flood<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

On the same day as the flood in Chame, another unusual event occurred. On 15 June, a massive flood wreaked havoc on towns and cities along the Melamchi river in central Nepal\u2019s Sindhupalchowk district, 40 kilometres northeast of capital Kathmandu. At least six people were killed and 20 more are missing. Hundreds of homes were washed away.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Even weeks after the incident, experts are unsure of the exact origin of the flood.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Preliminary findings indicate the river was blocked by a huge landslide upstream in Bhremathang at an altitude of about 3,500 metres. This blocked the Melamchi river for about 45 minutes. \u201cWhat we know till now is that it was a landslide-induced dam outburst flood,\u201d said Rabin Raj Niraula, an environmental scientist who has been researching potential causes of the disaster. \u201cFrom the past satellite images, we can see over 100 metres of thick glacial deposits in the area above the landslide area. It might be possible that such glacial deposits could have triggered a flood at the origin and then the large landslide downstream blocked the river temporarily that resulted in a huge flood.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"melamchi<\/div>
Site of the landslide at Bhremathang and nearby settlements affected \u2022 Graphic by The Third Pole<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On 15 June, the water level in the river fell from 5 metres to 3 metres, according to data from a measuring station below the area where the landslide occurred. Then it rose to 6 metres within a few hours, and the measuring gauge itself was washed away by the river.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe important lesson from this event is that the lower water level in the river must be communicated to downstream communities as importantly as high water level to save lives because low water level means something wrong is happening upstream. But authorities failed to communicate that important information in the case of Melamchi,\u201d said Niraula.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Impact of the flood on isolated areas<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Niraula was able to trace the landslide to Bhremathang thanks to a picture taken by Dorze Ghale, a local from a village called Chokpu. Ghale had taken a picture of a huge landslide about 6 kilometres upstream of Chokpu. He is now cut off from the rest of the world: the flood washed away a newly built road below his village.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 24 June, a week after the incident, Ghale pleaded on Facebook for help. \u201cHelambu and Melamchi [municipalities] are witnessing their worst days as electricity and communication networks have remained disconnected from 15 June. Villages do not have enough supplies and there are no other ways except chartering a helicopter to supply essentials and in case of emergencies,\u201d Ghale wrote. When The Third Pole tried to call him on the phone number on his Facebook profile, it was switched off.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"A<\/div>
A week after the flood, residents of Melamchi Bazar remove their belongings from a house that was buried by mud and sand (Image: Rojan Shrestha)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Experts who visited the flooded towns said the scale of destruction is massive. \u201cWe have brought in some water and debris samples from the places devasted by the river in the lower reaches for further investigation, as it was not possible to go to the upper reaches of the river as there are no bridges. Hyper-concentrated slurry that gushed into towns suggests that there could be some calcite ore upstream that formed such slurry as the river wasn\u2019t flowing and was basically moving like a debris flow during the flood,\u201d said Subodh Sharma, a professor of aquatic ecology at Kathmandu University who visited the site after the incident.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIt looks like when the turbid water started to enter the fishponds [local people] tried to protect those ponds instead of moving uphill to save their lives,\u201d added Sharma. Ten trout fish farms have been washed away by the flood and most of the owners are missing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Melamchi feeds into the Indrawati and Sunkoshi rivers \u2013 both major tributaries of the Koshi river<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

No preparation for landslides during monsoon in Nepal<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The flood has affected the Melamchi Water Supply Project<\/a> \u2013 the largest in the country. The project is diverting the river through a 27.5 km-long tunnel to ease water shortages in the Kathmandu Valley. Fortunately, the tunnel of the project was closed a day before the flood for maintenance. This saved it from being damaged, but its campsite was washed away. Three Chinese, three Indians and two Nepalis are missing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIt\u2019s sad to see that such a huge project with billions of rupees of investment had no preparation in the ground to face any disasters like this, no instruments being installed upstream to measure rainfall or landslide movement. This clearly shows how unprepared we are for disasters and a lack of seriousness while executing our developmental projects,\u201d said Sharma, the professor at Kathmandu University.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It\u2019s not that we don\u2019t know things, it is more that we tend to ignore them, and it is costing us a lot<\/blockquote>Subodh Sharma, Kathmandu University<\/cite><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Sindhupalchowk was the hardest-hit district by the 2015 earthquake and has since become more prone to landslides. Experts have lobbied for monitoring changes at high altitudes. \u201cOften the emphasis is given either to the glaciers and snow cover, but glacial deposits are often ignored, recent floods in Chamoli in Uttarakhand<\/a> or the 2012 flood<\/a> in western Nepal\u2019s Seti river and now Melamchi have shown a pattern of disasters in high altitudes especially the areas of loose glacial deposits,\u201d said Basanta Raj Adhikari, an engineering geologist at the Institute of Engineering in Nepal\u2019s Tribhuvan University.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>
Recommended<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/a>\n\n\n\n

These incidents happened just a few days after Anil Pokhrel, the chief executive of the NDRRMA, warned that this monsoon season could be more destructive than last year\u2019s, during which over 400 people died from landslides alone. \u201cWildfires that raged for months burnt through forest-shrub cover, undermining the ability of mountain slopes to absorb rainfall and prevent soil erosion. This could potentially result in more landslides and floods,\u201d wrote<\/a> Pokhrel. <\/em>\u201cGiven all these considerations, it would be naive to hope that everything will be all right in the next few months, but the slopes are already saturated by pre-monsoon rains, and this does not bode well.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Despite knowledge of the changing climate, and the risks that Nepal faces, little has been done to prepare in the last few months. The Melamchi disaster highlights how costly this is. \u201cIt\u2019s not that we don\u2019t know things, it is more that we tend to ignore them, and it is costing us a lot,\u201d said Sharma.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Downstream dangers<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The lack of preparation, and its impact, is not isolated to Nepal. The heavy rains have led to flood warnings in the Indian state of Bihar, downstream of Nepal. Despite tens of thousands of kilometres of embankments promoted as a solution to floods, the state remains critically vulnerable. From Khagaria, to Gopalganj, to Muzaffarpur, the predictions of water rise range from 5 cm to 35 cm by 2 July. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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