{"id":20079135,"date":"2021-09-24T12:30:34","date_gmt":"2021-09-24T07:00:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thethirdpole.net\/?p=79135"},"modified":"2021-10-05T22:35:14","modified_gmt":"2021-10-05T17:05:14","slug":"water-powered-generators-bring-electricity-to-nagaland","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/energy\/water-powered-generators-bring-electricity-to-nagaland\/","title":{"rendered":"Water-powered generators bring electricity to Nagaland"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Longso Khupong is studying towards a degree in education at Kohima, the capital city of Nagaland. When the city was locked down last year to control the spread of Covid-19 he had to return home to Kinjung, a remote village in Tuensang district, near the India-Myanmar border. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only a few years ago, the lack of electricity would have made remote learning impossible. But, Khupong says, thanks to the installation of a small water-powered generator, he was able to continue his studies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Historically, much of India\u2019s mountainous northeastern state of Nagaland has not been connected to the grid. In 2017, only 55% of Nagaland\u2019s 276,726 rural households were electrified, according to a 2019 report<\/a> by Deendayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana<\/a>, the Indian government\u2019s rural electrification scheme. Now all are, at least according to government calculations. These do not necessarily mean that every house is electrified, only household, nor do they measure how much electricity each household is able to access. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

In places like Kinjung, children traditionally help in the fields after school. They would come home after dark and try to study by the dull glow of burning pine cones. In 2010 a hydroger was set up, according to M Mongtsoa, a pastor at Kinjung church. The provision of electricity in Nagaland makes a huge difference to children being able to study \u2013 and to the whole economy of rural villages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nagaland government addresses rural electrification<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In 2007, the Nagaland government set up Nagaland Empowerment of People through Energy Development (NEPeD<\/a>)  to oversee the electrification of rural areas. Through this, it aimed to improve livelihoods and increase opportunities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWhen we started in the early 2000s most of Nagaland\u2019s villages didn\u2019t get electricity from the grid,\u201d Takum Chang, one of NEPeD\u2019s founding members, tells The Third Pole<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As Nagaland has many streams<\/a>, the team decided to explore how to generate hydropower from them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Initially NEPeD installed machines called picogenerators in 2007 imported from China. These small hydroelectric generators use gravity: water from streams runs downhill and rotates a turbine. This is the same principle as the water mills used before the Industrial Revolution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, the picogenerators\u2019 frequent upkeep, difficulty in procuring spare parts and import cost rendered them unviable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NEPeD creates its own water-powered generators<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

This spurred NEPeD to develop its own generators. It calls these \u201chydrogers\u201d: combining hydro, for hydroelectric power, and generator. This was a continuous process of designing and testing that took more than a year, said Yanger Imchen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cFor three years, I used the Chinese-made generators which were not so good, but the new hydroger is very good,\u201d says Datui Zeliang, who has installed one at his farm in Poilwa village, Peren district.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So far NEPeD has manufactured around 150 of the new machines, two-thirds of which are used in Nagaland and one-third in neighbouring states. It makes them in collaboration with Nagaland Tool Room and Training Centre<\/a>,  a registered society comprised of government employees and private individuals, in the city of Dimapur. In addition to bringing import costs down, local manufacturing makes carrying out repairs to the generators easier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Sites<\/div>
Sites with good gravity flow are identified for installing hydrogers (Image: Nagaland Empowerment of People through Energy Development)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Imnayanger Imchen, NEPeD\u2019s project coordinator, explains that the organisation first identifies a potential area where water flows downstream purely due to the forces of gravity. The machine is then transported from Dimapur and set up between a village and the river. Pipes and canals are used to divert water from the river to the generator. After it has run through the generator the water is discharged and flows back downhill to rejoin the river \u2013 or is used by farmers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"A<\/div>
A hydroger (left) being tested. Once the water has been run through the machine, it flows downhill to rejoin the river. An electronic load controller (right), which is made by NEPeD, maintains the balance between supply and demand of the electricity. (Image: Nagaland Empowerment of People through Energy Development)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Each house has two-three LED bulbs and a similar number of charging ports, where residents can charge their phones and other devices. Some villages also have hydroger-powered street lamps.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The local village committee, which includes women, decides how much electricity people can use.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Local engineers trained by NEPeD carry out maintenance and minor repair of the machines \u2013 which has created new jobs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Benefits for livelihoods and local communities<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

As an agricultural community, residents of Kinjung work in fields far from their houses. Previously, they would have to come home before nightfall to get household work done. Electric light means they can spend more time in the fields \u2013 and more productively.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Longkung village, Mokokchung district, Toshi Longkuner uses electricity generated by a hydroger to light his farm and power other equipment. \u201cElectricity has helped me do more work and hence employ more people,\u201d Longkuner tells The Third Pole<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Another farmer, Datui Zeliang, from Peren district, has plantations of orange, banana and oak, and farms fish. He uses light traps to attract pests away from fruit trees, sort produce after dark, and uses water from the hydroger to irrigate his crops and top up fish ponds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Installation<\/div>
Installation and maintenance is done by local villagers, giving them additional sources of income (Image: Nagaland Empowerment of People through Energy Development)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Once home, villagers can undertake additional activities at night that boost their incomes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cVillagers now sort their vegetable produce at home at night,\u201d says NEPeD\u2019s Takum Chang. \u201cMany of them have started weaving baskets.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M Mongtsoa says that villagers have also started knitting at night. And having electricity means carpenters can use power tools, so they can work faster and more efficiently.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Will climate change affect the project?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The streams in Nagaland are perennial  and support year-round power generation. However, springs and streams are drying up<\/a> across the state \u2013 highlighted by this year\u2019s dry monsoon<\/a>. Toshi Longkuner says that power generation on his farm falls during winter, when there is little rain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as droughts<\/a>, the erratic weather caused by climate change is bringing more flooding<\/a> to some regions of Nagaland. \u201cWe factor in local knowledge during installation, and divert water away from the stream by a small weir,\u201d says Imchen. \u201cIn case of a flash flood, the installation is safe and the weir can be repaired if damaged.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Potential ecological impact of water-powered generators<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Punit Singh, assistant professor at the Indian Institute of Science, says hydrogers are preferable to large-scale hydropower projects. This is because they have a minimal impact on the environment compared with dams. \u201cChallenges in decentralisation and higher number of hydrogers apart, we should prefer small, while understanding local conditions and nature\u2019s hydrology cycle,\u201d Singh tells The Third Pole<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Himanshu Thakkar, coordinator of South Asia Network on Dams, Rivers and People<\/a>, a research and advocacy group, says that hydrogers\u2019 impact is confined to a small area. In terms of aquatic life, he notes, \u201cthere may not be significant aquatic biodiversity in streams of hilly regions\u201d, but adds that there needs to be further study on any potential impact.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/div>
The hydrogers are easily transported to sites in the hilly state (Image: Nagaland Empowerment of People through Energy Development)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Thakkar cautioned that diverting streams involves earthwork and needs to be done appropriately. \u201cIt may impact the downstream people, besides the recharge and hydrogeology.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cMicroscopic impact on ecology will be there. But people-driven and empowering technologies help preserve fragile ecosystems,\u201d says Singh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition to the fact that hydrogers bypass the need for polluting fossil fuel-powered generators, use of the machines has other environmental benefits. The villagers no longer need to burn wood to provide light at night, allowing the forests to recover. Mongtsoa, the village pastor, says that villagers now act to ensure there is tree cover and proper drainage to keep the streams flowing. This helps to recharge the springshed and improve the area\u2019s resilience<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>
Recommended<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/a>\n\n\n\n

NEPeD also organises workshops and has ongoing conversations with communities about conservation. It educates people about the relationship between trees, rainfall and the water cycle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hydrogers beyond Nagaland<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

NEPeD has also installed<\/a> 49 hydrogers in neighbouring states, including Sikkim, Meghalaya, Manipur and Arunachal Pradesh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the neighbouring state of Meghalaya, Donbok Buam manages Paradise Adventure Tours and Krang Shuri Adventure Tours. Lodging and food are provided on site \u2013 lit by electricity from hydrogers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electrification has helped Buam arrange more activities for tourists, increased his turnover and meant employment opportunities for villagers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To date, the cost per hydroger before tax has been 160,000 Indian rupees (about USD 2,170). In most cases, especially remote Nagaland communities, NEPeD provides the generators for free. Private individuals or organisations, such as Buam\u2019s tourist resorts pay for the machines. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

While officially Nagaland is now electrified, Imchen told The Third Pole<\/a> that the scheme is likely to continue. Requests for hydrogers are still being made, as rural communities seek to increase electricity capacity.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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