{"id":20093467,"date":"2022-06-30T12:30:00","date_gmt":"2022-06-30T07:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thethirdpole.net\/?p=93467"},"modified":"2022-07-12T12:12:51","modified_gmt":"2022-07-12T06:42:51","slug":"how-much-progress-has-been-made-kyrgyz-uzbek-water-cooperation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/water\/how-much-progress-has-been-made-kyrgyz-uzbek-water-cooperation\/","title":{"rendered":"How much progress has been made on Kyrgyz-Uzbek water cooperation?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Since the collapse of the USSR in 1991, tensions over water have repeatedly sparked conflict in Central Asia. But experts have told The Third Pole they are hopeful that improved relations between Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan in recent years mean increased cooperation on water is likely.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan share the waters of the Syr Darya River. The transboundary river rises in the mountains of Kyrgyzstan, and flows through Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kazakhstan. As climate change alters water availability<\/a> in the region, claims over the resource have become increasingly fraught<\/a>, particularly in the fertile and economically important Ferghana Valley region, which spans the territories of Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"map<\/div>
Map showing the course of the Syr Darya River as it flows through the Ferghana Valley and Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan \u2022 Graphic: The Third Pole<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Upstream Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan lack energy security but have plentiful water for hydropower in high-altitude reservoirs. Meanwhile Uzbekistan has gas and electricity but relies on a steady supply of water for food security. Over the past 30 years competing demands for water<\/a> led to tensions, particularly under former Uzbek president Islam Karimov.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Throughout the 1990s, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan (along with other Central Asian countries) signed more than eight agreements pledging to work together and raise the level of water cooperation. In recent years, however, expert commentators say<\/a> these efforts have intensified \u2013 particularly as water scarcity grows<\/a> in the Ferghana Valley.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Major agreements on the Syr Darya River signed by Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan<\/span>
\n
Date <\/td>Agreement <\/td>Where was it signed? <\/td>Who signed it? <\/td><\/tr>
1992<\/td>Agreement on cooperation in joint management, use and protection of water resources of inter-state sources<\/td>Almaty, Kazakhstan<\/td>Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan,
Uzbekistan<\/td><\/tr>
1993<\/td>Agreement on joint actions to solve the problem of the Aral Sea and Aral Sea region, environmental improvement and provision of social economic development of the Aral region<\/td>Kyzylorda, Kazakhstan<\/td>Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,
Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan<\/td><\/tr>
1996<\/td>Agreement on use of fuel and energy and water resources, construction, operation of gas pipelines in the Central Asian region<\/td>Tashkent, Uzbekistan<\/td>Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan<\/td><\/tr>
1998<\/td>Agreement on the use of water and energy resources of the Syrdarya river basin<\/td>Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan<\/td>Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan<\/td><\/tr>
1998<\/td>Agreement on cooperation in the area of environment and rational nature use (Bishkek, March 1998)<\/td>Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan<\/td>Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan<\/td><\/tr>
1999<\/td>Agreement on cooperation in the sphere of
hydrometeorology<\/td>		Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan<\/td>Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan,
Uzbekistan<\/td><\/tr>
1999<\/td>Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Government Kyrgyz Republic, the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan and Government of the Republic of Uzbekistan on the parallel operation of the energy systems of Central Asia<\/td>Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan<\/td>Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan,
Uzbekistan<\/td><\/tr>
2000<\/td>Agreement on the use of water and energy resources of the Naryn-Syrdarya cascade of reservoirs<\/td>Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan<\/td>Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan<\/td><\/tr>
2017<\/td>Agreement on the interstate use of the Orto-Tokoy (Kasansay) reservoir in Ala-Buka district of Jalal-Abad region of the Kyrgyz Republic<\/td>Tashkent, Uzbekistan<\/td>Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Improvement in Kyrgyz-Uzbek relations<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In 2016, Shavkat Mirziyoyev was elected president of Uzbekistan. As a graduate of the Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers, Mirziyoyev is familiar with the problems of water management.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Since Mirziyoyev came to power, \u201cconstructive cooperation has developed between Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan\u201d said Igor Shestakov, director of the Oy Ordo Center for Expert Initiatives, a project of an NGO<\/a> based in Kyrgyzstan. \u201cThe countries are making positive progress on the bilateral agenda, including the establishment of water relations, despite the fact that this is a difficult task.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdulkhakim Salokhiddinov, professor at the Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers (TII&AME), pointed out that in early 2021 a 2017 agreement was amended between the two countries regarding a reservoir in Kyrgyzstan, known as Orto-Tokoy reservoir in Kyrgyzstan and Kasansay in Uzbekistan. Under this, the countries agreed on the supply of water in exchange for electricity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Salokhiddinov said that this involves \u201cthe purchase of electricity by Kyrgyzstan from Uzbekistan in winter and vice versa, the purchase of electricity by Uzbekistan from Kyrgyzstan in summer, which creates an improved condition for the passage of water from the reservoir within the established limits at the right time\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan are making positive progress on the bilateral agenda, including the establishment of water relations<\/blockquote>Igor Shestakov, Oy Ordo Center for Expert Initiatives<\/cite><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

He added that this cooperation improves energy and water security<\/a> for both countries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A more recent example of increased cooperation came on 27 May 2022, when Shavkat Mirziyoyev spoke<\/a> at an online meeting<\/a> of the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council. He stated that construction of a railway<\/a> between China, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan will begin soon<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The significance of Uzbekistan\u2019s attendance of the EAEU summit<\/span>
\n

The Supreme Eurasian Economic Council is composed of the heads of state of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) \u2013 an arrangement set up in 2015 between Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Russia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The meeting was chaired by Kyrgyz president Sadyr Japarov. Uzbekistan is an observer of the EAEU, although has been contemplating joining<\/a> the union in recent years. This year was the second instance Mirziyoyev has attended the summit, participating online for the first time in 2021.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Erbol Sultanbaev, spokesman for the Kyrgyz president, told The Third Pole that because the summit addressed future cooperation between EAEU countries \u201ctopics regarding two countries, including water issues, were not considered\u201d. Nevertheless, Mirziyoyev\u2019s participation in the meeting demonstrates a broader strengthening of cooperation in general.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Shortly after the summit, on 8 June, Kyrgyzstan announced<\/a> the start of construction on a hydropower plant, describing the project as beneficial for managing irrigation downstream as well as energy security upstream. Uzbekistan, which in the past would have been opposed to such construction, is reportedly participating<\/a> in the project, while Kazakhstan is yet to affirm its involvement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe implementation of this important project with the participation of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan will expand the energy sector of the Kyrgyz Republic and develop industry,\u201d said Shestakov, of the Oy Ordo Center. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Do old agreements need updating?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

With prospects looking positive for increased cooperation between the Central Asian countries, now may be the time to update<\/a> some of the most important agreements on water sharing signed in the 1990s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan are already parties to many agreements on water sharing, pointed out Dinara Ziganshina, director of the Scientific Information Center of the Interstate Coordination Water Commission (ICWC) of Central Asia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What is the Interstate Coordination Water Commission?<\/span>
\n

The ICWC is a framework for collaborative regional water management created under the 1992 Almaty Agreement. It manages<\/a> water allocations and dispute resolution mechanisms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Almaty Agreement, signed by Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, regulates water allocations between the countries. It largely upheld<\/a> water quotas under the Soviet Union, despite changes to national boundaries.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u201cParties can agree on new mechanisms and prescribe them in agreements, but it is important to remember that not everything old is bad,\u201d said Ziganshina. \u201cChanges should be thoughtful, taking into account the possibility of their implementation.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two of the most important agreements are the 1992 Almaty Agreement, which regulates water allocations and adhered to the previous Soviet-era principles of water allocation, and the 1998 Syr Darya Agreement. This regulates the use of water and energy resources, with downstream countries supplying coal, gas, electricity and other goods or services in exchange for water storage by countries upstream. While it could have promoted cooperation, academics say that<\/a> in reality both upstream and downstream countries have violated its provisions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIn 2017, everyone witnessed that the hand of friendship was extended,\u201d said Ziganshina. \u201cAgreements were reached on many problematic issues, including the signing agreements between governments on the interstate use of the Orto-Tokoy reservoir in Kyrgyzstan.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is important to remember that not everything old is bad. Changes should be thoughtful, taking into account the possibility of their implementation.<\/blockquote>Dinara Ziganshina, Scientific Information Center of the Interstate Coordination Water Commission<\/cite><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Many experts say water quotas now need to be updated<\/a>, given the ICWC has not adjusted the allocations in 30 years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ziganshina asserted that the ICWC adapted the system to changed conditions and that \u201ctherefore, it cannot be said that the water distribution system in Central Asia was frozen in the past\u2026. Success depended on many factors outside the ICWC jurisdiction (political, geopolitical, commercial).\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

She added: \u201cIn order to minimise the impact of these factors, it would be advisable to update the provisions of the agreement in those parts that do not work effectively enough.\u201d Even then, she pointed out, water should be used sparingly so that there is enough for people and nature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In contrast, Kyrgyz water management expert Matraim Zhusupov told The Third Pole that this problem cannot be solved using the same approaches that led to it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is necessary to act globally, change thinking, otherwise it is difficult to break through the impasse, because each side is trying to protect its interests<\/blockquote>Matraim Zhusupov, Kyrgyz water management expert<\/cite><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIt is necessary to act globally, change thinking, otherwise it is difficult to break through the impasse, because each side is trying to protect its interests. And this is despite the fact that there are many agreements, most of which do not work. Negotiations are needed for addressing the issue, and, having united into a single organism, it is necessary to solve the problem by determining water quotas, bearing in mind the need for resources for the maintenance of hydroelectric facilities and technical structures,\u201d Zhusupov said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>
Recommended<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/a>\n\n\n\n

Abdulkhakim Salokhiddinov, the professor at TII&AME advised caution on updating existing agreements. \u201cThe introduction of any [amendments to the Syr Darya Agreement] can cause other changes in chain order, and lead to undesirable changes in this fragile issue\u2026 Its preservation without changes is in the interests of all countries of the region,\u201d he concluded.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While there is a lack of consensus on the need to update existing agreements, there is consensus that water management will become increasingly challenging<\/a> as Central Asia feels the effects of climatic changes. \u201cNegotiations are needed,\u201d said Zhusupov, calling for politicians to \u201clisten to expert assessments, their forecasts and respond to them; adapt to the changing climate and take action on rising temperatures\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Improving relations between Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan give hope that governments can step up to this challenge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Additional inputs by Natalie Taylor<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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