{"id":20102713,"date":"2022-11-22T14:58:06","date_gmt":"2022-11-22T09:28:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thethirdpole.net\/?p=102713"},"modified":"2022-12-05T18:42:37","modified_gmt":"2022-12-05T13:12:37","slug":"in-cold-dry-mongolia-floods-are-now-common-with-devastating-urban-impacts","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/water\/in-cold-dry-mongolia-floods-are-now-common-with-devastating-urban-impacts\/","title":{"rendered":"In cold, dry Mongolia floods are now common \u2013 with devastating urban impacts"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-drop-cap\">Oyunchimeg Dechinlhundev lives in the outskirts of Mongolia\u2019s capital, Ulaanbaatar. She makes a living from raising chickens and geese, and growing vegetables.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cWhen I was a child, 10 days of rain never flooded our street,\u201d Oyunchimeg, who is in her late 40s and has lived here her entire life, remembers. \u201cBut several times in the past decade 10 minutes of rain have destroyed everything I planted.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Flooding caused by heavy rain has destroyed her crops and killed her chickens on multiple occasions. \u201cNow,&nbsp;we panic and worry when the rain starts to drop,\u201d Oyunchimeg says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cd-did-you-know alignleft block--did-you-know\"><p class=\"block--did-you-know__title\">Did you know&#8230;<\/p><div class=\"block--did-you-know__content\"><p>Mongolia\u2019s rainiest period is between July and August<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>In an attempt to prevent the damage, every year at the start of summer she and her neighbours reinforce their fences with barriers made from earth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Rainfall patterns have changed in Mongolia over the past 40 years, <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12665-016-6380-0\">meteorologists have found<\/a>. While overall the country receives the same amount of annual precipitation, deluges are replacing the light rain that previously would fall for more than a week. This has negative consequences for the <a href=\"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/abdb5b\">wildlife and livestock<\/a> on Mongolia\u2019s grasslands, as well as people living in its fast-expanding cities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 2004, only nine incidents of heavy rains and floods were recorded by Mongolia\u2019s National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA). In the 18 years since that number has risen, with official data recording 72 <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/hub\/climate-disasters\/\">disasters<\/a> just last year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<iframe src=\"https:\/\/flo.uri.sh\/story\/1738081\/embed\" title=\"Interactive or visual content\" class=\"flourish-embed-iframe\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" style=\"width:100%;height:600px;\" sandbox=\"allow-same-origin allow-forms allow-scripts allow-downloads allow-popups allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox allow-top-navigation-by-user-activation\"><\/iframe>\n\n\n\n<p>Mongolia\u2019s average temperature has increased by 2 degrees Celsius over the past 70 years, according to the National Agency for Meteorology and the Environmental Monitoring.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dulamsuren Dashkhuu, senior researcher and director of the Climate Change Research Department at the Information and Research Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment, a government agency in Ulaanbaatar, explains that hotter temperatures mean more evaporation. More humidity in the air means more frequent and intense rainfall and cloudbursts \u2013&nbsp;an impact of climate change.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-people-leave-pasturelands-for-cities\">People leave pasturelands for cities<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The Mongolian Plateau is cold and dry, and annual precipitation <a href=\"https:\/\/climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org\/country\/mongolia\/climate-data-historical\">ranges from 50 to 400 mm<\/a>. For thousands of years Mongolian nomadic herders have adapted to the harsh conditions. But recently, they have had to cope with more erratic weather as sudden downpours and long periods of drought become more frequent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This is leading to a cycle of droughts, floods and the degradation of pastureland, says Dulamsuren. \u201cWhen heavy rainfall falls on dry soil, it never goes deep into the soil. Instead, the rainfall flows away or washes away the soil, or even animals and <em>gers<\/em> [traditional Mongolian yurts, which also translates as \u2018home\u2019],\u201d she explains. According to NEMA, between 2004 and 2021 over 75,000 livestock were lost because of flooding and heavy rain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cd-article-image aligncenter block--article-image block--article-image--wide\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"><div class=\"block--article-image__column\"><div class=\"block--article-image__image\"><img class=\"lazy\" data-src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/man-on-motorcycle-trying-to-cross-flooded-river_Alamy_DGY949-scaled.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/man-on-motorcycle-trying-to-cross-flooded-river_Alamy_DGY949-768x514.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/man-on-motorcycle-trying-to-cross-flooded-river_Alamy_DGY949-1024x686.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/man-on-motorcycle-trying-to-cross-flooded-river_Alamy_DGY949-scaled.jpg 2560w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 768px, (max-width: 1024px) 1024px, 2560px\" alt=\"man on a motorcycle trying to cross a flooded river\"\/><\/div><div class=\"block--article-image__content\"><div itemprop=\"caption\" class=\"block--article-image__caption\">A man on a motorbike tries to cross a flooded river in \u00d6v\u00f6rkhangai province, southern Mongolia (Image: Olaf Schubert \/ Alamy)<\/div><\/div><\/div><meta itemprop=\"contentUrl\" content=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/man-on-motorcycle-trying-to-cross-flooded-river_Alamy_DGY949-scaled.jpg\"\/><meta itemprop=\"contentSize\" content=\"674 KB\"\/><meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"1714\"\/><meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"2560\"\/><meta itemprop=\"author\"\/><meta itemprop=\"representativeOfPage\" content=\"true\"\/><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>In 1991, nomadic households accounted for more than half of the population, data from Mongolia\u2019s National Statistical Office <a href=\"https:\/\/www.1212.mn\/tables.aspx?tbl_id=DT_NSO_1001_026V1&amp;BAG_select_all=0&amp;BAGSingleSelect=_0&amp;YearY_select_all=1&amp;YearYSingleSelect=&amp;viewtype=linechart\">shows<\/a>. As of 2020, they were only 26%. In the past 30 years, extreme harsh weather events called <em>dzuds<\/em> have <a href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/07\/29\/737990796\/the-deadly-winters-that-have-transformed-life-for-herders-in-mongolia\">become more common<\/a>, with climate change <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-33046-1\">one of the driving factors<\/a>, scientists have said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cd-accordion block--accordion\"><span class=\"block--accordion__title\">What is a <em>dzud<\/em>, and what causes it?<\/span><div class=\"block--accordion__content\"><div class=\"block--accordion__content__inner\">\n<p>A <em>dzud<\/em> is a combination of conditions over a year on the Eurasian steppes, which result in mass livestock die-off in winter or early spring. Earlier in the year, drought might mean a lack of vegetation for animals, so they do not grow and develop the fat and reserves they need.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Next, an unusually severe winter that occurs, which changes the amount of snow and ice covering pasture. This might involve heavy snow, not enough precipitation, pasture being frozen or extremely low temperatures, but the result of each scenario is that livestock are negatively affected. Climate scientists believe <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/photography\/article\/extreme-winter-mongolia-dzud-environment-science\">drought is a factor<\/a> that makes <em>dzuds<\/em> more likely, as well as man-made influences such as overgrazing of pastures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Between 2000 and 2014, about <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-33046-1\">30 million livestock were killed<\/a> due to <em>dzuds<\/em> in Mongolia, with economic and social impacts for herders.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Although the reasons for rural-to-urban migration are <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iom.int\/news\/mongolia-internal-migration-drives-urbanization-de-population-rural-areas-iom\">multiple and complex<\/a>, a common thread is that following the loss of their animals, herders have moved from Mongolia\u2019s pasturelands to the provincial capitals, with newcomers flocking to the biggest cities of Ulaanbaatar, Erdenet and Darkhan. Between 1990 and 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.1212.mn\/tables.aspx?tbl_id=DT_NSO_0300_004V1&amp;RESIDENT_select_all=0&amp;RESIDENTSingleSelect=&amp;SOUM_select_all=0&amp;SOUMSingleSelect=_5&amp;YearY_select_all=1&amp;YearYSingleSelect=_1989_1979_1969_1963_1956_1944_1935&amp;viewtype=linechart\">official data shows<\/a>, the population of Ulaanbaatar nearly trebled, growing from 590,000 to 1.6 million. (It is likely much higher in reality, the result of a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iom.int\/news\/mongolias-ban-moving-overcrowded-capital-hurt-migrants-iom-research#:~:text=Due%20to%20development%20discrepancies%20between,according%20to%20its%202020%20census\">ban on new inflows in 2017-20<\/a> that has resulted in large numbers of unregistered residents in informal settlements.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A UN International Organization for Migration <a href=\"https:\/\/publications.iom.int\/system\/files\/pdf\/urban_migrant_vulnerability_assessment_en.pdf\">study in 2018<\/a> found that migrant families <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/hub\/climate-refugees\/\">settle<\/a> where they can afford to live \u2013 normally in a city\u2019s outskirts, without access to central heating, running water and the sewage system. Their gers have expanded the areas of slum and informal housing, called \u201cger districts\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The cheapest or free sites are on the slopes of hills or valleys \u2013&nbsp;the sites <a href=\"https:\/\/publications.iom.int\/system\/files\/pdf\/urban_migrant_vulnerability_assessment_en.pdf\">most exposed<\/a> to environmental hazards such as <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/hub\/water-pollution\/\">sewage runoff<\/a> and flooding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-ulaanbaatar-s-slum-districts-the-worst-equipped-to-deal-with-changing-climate\">Ulaanbaatar\u2019s slum districts the worst-equipped to deal with changing climate<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In Mongolia\u2019s harsh winters, gers are sturdy against the wind and keep out the cold. But these domed tented homes are easily damaged by running floodwater and can be washed away.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Since 2004, more than 3,500 gers have been destroyed by floods and heavy rain in Mongolia; over half of this damage occurred in just the past four years, according to NEMA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Changing rainfall patterns around Ulaanbaatar, combined with urbanisation, have resulted in an increase in flooding around the metropolis. Jambajamts Lkhamjav from the Department of Meteorology and Hydrology at the National University of Mongolia says that previously just over 10 incidents of light rainfall per year \u201cwas the norm\u201d for the city, which received about 400 millimetres of annual precipitation. \u201cHowever,\u201d he says, \u201cafter 1990, only up to five [incidents of] rains, with stronger fall rates, were recorded.\u201d Cloud formations around the city have changed, he says, explaining that \u201clight rain falls from low-level horizontal clouds, but heavy rain falls from vertical clouds. In Ulaanbaatar, 16 km-tall [vertical] cumulonimbus clouds are commonly observed while we don\u2019t see lower horizontal clouds anymore.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cd-article-image aligncenter block--article-image block--article-image--wide\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"><div class=\"block--article-image__column\"><div class=\"block--article-image__image\"><img class=\"lazy\" data-src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/MPA-PHOTO2022-8-8856-scaled.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/MPA-PHOTO2022-8-8856-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/MPA-PHOTO2022-8-8856-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/MPA-PHOTO2022-8-8856-scaled.jpg 2560w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 768px, (max-width: 1024px) 1024px, 2560px\" alt=\"two children standing near outdoor toilet\"\/><\/div><div class=\"block--article-image__content\"><div itemprop=\"caption\" class=\"block--article-image__caption\">August 2022: Children in Bayanz\u00fcrkh district, Ulaanbaatar, lock the door of a toilet built under a United Nations project. Lack of sanitation infrastructure in the city\u2019s ger districts leads to disease outbreaks during the rainiest seasons. (Image: Byambasuren Byamba-Ochir \/ The Third Pole)<\/div><\/div><\/div><meta itemprop=\"contentUrl\" content=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/MPA-PHOTO2022-8-8856-scaled.jpg\"\/><meta itemprop=\"contentSize\" content=\"864 KB\"\/><meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"1707\"\/><meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"2560\"\/><meta itemprop=\"author\"\/><meta itemprop=\"representativeOfPage\" content=\"true\"\/><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Mother-of-three Munkhtuya Tumurkhuyag lives in the same ger district as Oyunchimeg Dechinlhundev and has experienced the harsh impacts of the city\u2019s changing weather first-hand. Three years ago in July, floodwater streamed through her house. She and five of her neighbours had to be hospitalised shortly afterwards with diarrhoea and vomiting, where they were told they had dysentery. \u201cSo much water and faeces came through our window. We were vomiting and had chronic diarrhoea. Plus we got pneumonia because of the cold,\u201d she says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The floodwaters, Munkhtuya says, swept away pit toilets used by people living in the hilly ger districts and brought the raw sewage downhill, to where her house is.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Every year for the past five years, dysentery, salmonella and hand, foot and mouth disease cases <a href=\"http:\/\/www.hdc.gov.mn\/file-category\/56\/\">have peaked between June and August<\/a>, data from the Mongolian government\u2019s Health Development Center shows.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Munkhtuya\u2019s house has not flooded since 2019, as a United Nations Human Settlements Programme project installed three sewage systems in the ger districts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But Munkhtuya\u2019s experience points to the wider problems experienced by a city whose population has grown quickly without accompanying infrastructure development. Ulaanbaatar <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.worldbank.org\/eastasiapacific\/flood-risk-in-dry-ulaanbaatar-of-mongolia\">lacks<\/a> roads, electricity lines and sewage systems. Earlier this year the city\u2019s mayoral office announced that the Ulaanbaatar city authorities have been building new sewage systems, but it has also said the city still needs to build a 300 km sewage system and water reservoir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cd-article-image aligncenter block--article-image block--article-image--wide\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"><div class=\"block--article-image__column\"><div class=\"block--article-image__image\"><img class=\"lazy\" data-src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/MPA-PHOTO2022-8-8800-scaled.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/MPA-PHOTO2022-8-8800-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/MPA-PHOTO2022-8-8800-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/MPA-PHOTO2022-8-8800-scaled.jpg 2560w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 768px, (max-width: 1024px) 1024px, 2560px\" alt=\"children walking in muddy area\"\/><\/div><div class=\"block--article-image__content\"><div itemprop=\"caption\" class=\"block--article-image__caption\">August 2022: Neighbourhood children help Nandintsetseg Mygmarbaatar, who is disabled, as she walks down a muddy street in Bayanz\u00fcrkh district, Ulaanbaatar. Residents say that in the past the city received long periods of light rain, which would not flood the streets. (Image: Byambasuren Byamba-Ochir \/ The Third Pole)<\/div><\/div><\/div><meta itemprop=\"contentUrl\" content=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/MPA-PHOTO2022-8-8800-scaled.jpg\"\/><meta itemprop=\"contentSize\" content=\"965 KB\"\/><meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"1707\"\/><meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"2560\"\/><meta itemprop=\"author\"\/><meta itemprop=\"representativeOfPage\" content=\"true\"\/><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The city\u2019s changing weather and lack of infrastructure have multiple societal and public health impacts. Nandintsetseg Mygmarbaatar, 34, is disabled and walks with a crutch. After heavy rain her street floods and becomes muddy, and her crutch slips easily. She says she has fallen about a dozen times and broken her ankle and elbow.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cOnce our streets have been flooded, muddy puddles linger here the whole summer,\u201d says Nandintsetseg. \u201cSometimes the local authorities dump some dirt to dry up the puddles, but then it floods again. Elders or people like me are forced to stay home for our safety.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Millions of people have moved to Mongolia\u2019s cities in the past 30 years, where a lack of infrastructure combines with more intense rainfall to cause misery in slum districts<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3907,"featured_media":20102745,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[50039903],"tags":[543,556,50040328],"hashtags":[],"country":[50040712],"class_list":["post-20102713","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-water","tag-extreme-weather","tag-infrastructure","tag-water-quality","country-mongolia"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.0 (Yoast SEO v26.0) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>In Mongolia floods 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Approximately 60 percent of the population of Ulan Bator live in settlements known as ger districts and in many cases residents have limited access to basic services such as water and sanitation. According to a 2010 National Population Center census, every year between thirty and forty thousand people migrate from the countryside to the capital Ulan Bator. Ger districts in the city have been expanding rapidly in recent years. 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