{"id":20116815,"date":"2023-05-23T15:47:18","date_gmt":"2023-05-23T10:17:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thethirdpole.net\/?p=116815"},"modified":"2023-06-12T20:24:14","modified_gmt":"2023-06-12T14:54:14","slug":"grassroots-groups-tackle-human-wildlife-conflict-across-india-nepal-border","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/nature\/grassroots-groups-tackle-human-wildlife-conflict-across-india-nepal-border\/","title":{"rendered":"Grassroots groups tackle human-wildlife conflict across India-Nepal border"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Five years ago, Shankar Luitel, a farmer who lives in Bahundangi village in Jhapa district, in the south-east corner of Nepal, used to spend several days every month at local forest department offices. There he would help his neighbours to get compensation for the deaths or injuries of family members or loss of property and crops caused by wild elephants coming from across the border in India.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

These days, this takes up much less of his time. Not because the government has made the compensation process easier \u2013 it still involves a labyrinth of recommendations and decisions<\/a> at different levels, taking between six months and a year to get the money. But because the residents of Bahundangi are having to deal with fewer incidents of human-elephant conflict, thanks to the work of Luitel and a network of fellow volunteers spanning both sides of the Nepal-India border.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Luitel is a part of a cross-border \u2018wild elephant movement management team\u2019 formed in 2018 by around a dozen volunteers from Bahundangi in Nepal and Kolabari across the border in India, which aims to prevent incidents of human-elephant conflict, as well as subsequent retaliation from people.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"portrait<\/div>
Shankar Luitel, a farmer who is a member of the cross-border \u2018wild elephant movement management team\u2019 (Image courtesy of Shankar Luitel)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI go to the Mechi River [which forms the border between Nepal and India] almost every morning to see if there are footprints, so I can know if an elephant has entered Nepal during the night,\u201d says Luitel. \u201cAnd with my colleagues in Nepal and India, I go to the Kolabari Forest [over the border in India] every afternoon before dusk, to see the same.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The area lies on a traditional elephant corridor<\/a> \u00ad\u2013 a route used by around 100 wild elephants to travel between habitats. The corridor spans mostly forest areas and fenced tea estates on the Indian side, where there is little human activity, but on the Nepal side the elephants pass through farmland and human settlements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Locations<\/div>
Elephant movements through Siliguri subdivision of West Bengal in India and Jhapa district of southeast Nepal \u2022 Map: The Third Pole<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

An opportunity to forge connections<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Over in India, in Siliguri subdivision of the state of West Bengal, five community activists are working with Luitel, including Ritwik Biswas, a medical science student living in Naxalbari.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Biswas keeps note of the elephants\u2019 movements on the Indian side of the border. \u201cWe have a WhatsApp group connecting over 10 members from both sides [of the border] as well as some other 15 stakeholders including local government officials and community leaders,\u201d says Biswas. \u201cWhenever we see elephants, we post photos and videos on the group. It will give Nepalis on the other side some time to make their neighbours aware of the movement so that they can salvage their belongings.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the benefits of the operation in terms of reducing conflict are largely one-way, Biswas says the group offers an opportunity to make social connections with Nepalis across the border. \u201cAlthough it is not regular, elephants from Nepal also enter our land and cause havoc sometimes,\u201d he adds. \u201cHence, it\u2019s important for our communities also.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\n
\"elephant<\/div>
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\"elephant<\/div>
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Wild elephants moving through Bahundangi village, in Jhapa district, eastern Nepal, in spring 2022 (Image: Shankar Luitel)<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Multifaceted approach to human-elephant conflict<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Having worked to reduce human-elephant conflict in the area since the mid-2000s, Luitel developed this into an organised group in 2018, focused on information-sharing and awareness-raising.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIt\u2019s a multifaceted approach. We teach school kids how we can save ourselves and our property from elephant attacks and why it is important to not harm them in retaliation,\u201d Luitel says. \u201cWhen communities have meetings to discuss other issues such as road construction or drinking water management, it\u2019s our job to go there and talk about potential dangers of cross-border wild elephant movement and methods to save ourselves from them.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"people<\/div>
Members of the volunteer group discuss the importance of co-existence with elephants with residents of Kolabari, West Bengal, India (Image courtesy of Ritwik Biswas)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The initiative has received the support of NGOs from as far away as Bardiya in western Nepal. \u201cUjayalo Nepal<\/a> [a Bardiya-based conservation organisation] has helped us operate a siren system [which] we have been operating in coordination with Armed Police Force personnel stations at border outposts,\u201d Luitel says. \u201cWhenever they see an elephant, the border security personnel trigger the siren which will be heard in target neighbourhoods.\u201d The siren can also inform locals via a mobile app<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The siren system does not cover the entire elephant-affected area. In other places, volunteers drive tractors around human settlements to ward off elephants with their continuous loud noise. Wildlife biologist Ashok Ram, who has a PhD in elephant ecology, tells The Third Pole that such activities are unlikely to have long-term adverse impacts on elephant conservation. \u201cIf there had been any impact, the routes [would be] clear of elephants now, as locals have been trying different methods over the years,\u201d he says. Nonetheless, he says experts should be consulted and a fair limit should be set on activities aimed at scaring away elephants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Ward 4 committee of the Mechinagar municipal government, which covers Bahundangi village, has allocated NPR 2 million (about USD 15,000) for the coming fiscal year (which begins in mid-July) to address human-elephant conflict, including funding for the volunteer group to purchase fuel for the tractors, ward chairman Arjun Karki tells The Third Pole.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Karki says the local government has also established a \u2018rapid response team\u2019, comprising around 30 volunteers, to support the volunteer group when incidents of conflict occur. The team is equipped with megaphones and torches, and is in regular communication with the cross-border volunteer group.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cross-border cooperation to stop tiger attacks<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Elsewhere along the Nepal-India border, other cross-border grassroots efforts are underway to tackle human-wildlife conflict, including on the Khata Tiger Corridor<\/a>, which links Bardiya National Park in southwestern Nepal with Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary on the Indian side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anil Kumar, head of the Wildlife Trust of India\u2019s Terai Tiger Project, tells The Third Pole: \u201cWe have been sharing with Nepalis living in the bordering region how mobs can be controlled whenever they spot tigers and leopards. In exchange, locals in Bardiya of Nepal have been helping us with making patrolling against wildlife attacks more effective.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kumar says Nepali volunteers have been helping with the Wildlife Trust of India\u2019s project in camera trapping to better understand tiger behaviour along the corridor. \u201cIn April this year, thanks to newly installed cameras, we have been able to reunite two lonely tiger cubs with their mothers.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kumar communicates with the Bardiya District Poaching Control Youth Mobilisation Campaign, a community initiative which involves over 3,300 people, according to campaign leader Hemanta Prasad Acharya. \u201cWe are more focused on poaching control, but as the number of human-wildlife conflict incidents has increased, we are now making people aware of safety measures in partnership with other organisations across the border.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"man<\/div>
Anil Kumar from the Wildlife Trust of India teaches schoolchildren how to avoid wildlife attacks in Uttar Pradesh, India (Image courtesy of Anil Kumar)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Acharya says his team meets frequently with organisations on the Indian side of the border to share information about the cross-border movement of tigers, and they also communicate via WhatsApp. \u201cWorking together, we are asking locals to build fences and walls around houses and crop farms. We are also teaching them how to ask for government compensation whenever necessary.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Maheshwar Dhakal, director-general of Nepal\u2019s Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation<\/a> (DNPWC), says the country\u2019s wildlife officials have found local-level partnerships helpful, and are making efforts to accelerate them. \u201cOfficials in Parsa, Chitwan and Shuklaphanta national parks [in Nepal] have been encouraging locals to work together with locals from neighbouring Indian areas,\u201d he says. \u201cWe are hopeful with the early progress in these areas.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Results and limitations<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In Bahundangi, Luitel says local residents are happy with the efforts the cross-border volunteer group has made. \u201cThey still fear elephant attacks, but [now] they have someone to ask for help whenever there is a need.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reena Darjee, a young woman who lives in Bahundangi, agrees. \u201cTheir initiative has proved meaningful for us. As a result, many of us today want to protect elephants even though they cause problems sometimes,\u201d Darjee says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the forest department office of Jhapa district (where Bahundangi is located), the last human death from elephant attack in Bahundangi occurred on 7 November 2016. Prior to this, one death was recorded in each of 2012, 2014 and 2015. Elephants were also killed by locals in 2012 and 2015. These were the last cases of violent retaliation against human-elephant conflict recorded in either Bahungandi or the area over the border in India.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Recommended<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/a>\n\n\n\n

The fact that no human or elephant deaths have been recorded on either side of the border in the last six years proves that the cross-border initiatives have been impactful, says Maheshwar Dhakal of the DNPWC, who is closely observing the situation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rudra Prasad Sapkota of the Jhapa Division Forest Office says that other types of human-elephant conflict \u2013 including injuries caused by elephants and damage to crops \u2013 are also on the decline in Bahundangi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the picture across Jhapa district is not all rosy, according to elephant researcher Dinesh Neupane, who notes that initiatives like Luitel\u2019s have been restricted to just four wards of Bahundangi. \u201cYes, the number of incidents has decreased in Bahundangi, but it\u2019s still alarming in other areas of the district,\u201d Neupane says. \u201cAlso, people\u2019s attitude to human-elephant conflict and co-existence has not changed significantly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

Nor has Bahundangi been immune to unfortunate examples of human-elephant conflict. In June 2022, residents abused an elephant calf<\/a> that had become separated from its herd, while in 2018 the village was criticised in international media<\/a> for installing electrified fences that impeded the movement of wild elephants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNow, we realise those were things which should not have taken place,\u201d Darjee says. \u201cNow, we are committed to elephant conservation and making people aware of its importance.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Human-elephant conflict is a persistent and serious issue across India and Nepal, bringing danger for both people and elephants. Media reports<\/a> say that more than 500 people and 100 elephants die in incidents of conflict every year in India. In Nepal, the DNPWC recorded 2,058 incidents<\/a> of damage caused by wild elephants in the fiscal year 2021-22, ranging from deaths to destruction of crops and houses. This figure represents more than 16% of all cases of human-wildlife conflict in the country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fiscal year<\/strong><\/td>Human-elephant conflict incidents<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
2018\/19<\/td>2,349<\/td><\/tr>
2019\/20<\/td>3,258<\/td><\/tr>
2020\/21<\/td>1,486<\/td><\/tr>
2021\/22<\/td>2,058<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Hope for India-Nepal collaboration on human wildlife conflict<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

As cross-border collaboration to prevent human-wildlife conflict continues at the grassroots level, the central governments of Nepal and India are preparing to sign a memorandum of understanding (MoU) to strengthen such initiatives. According to Maheshwar Dhakal, the MoU will focus on strengthening partnerships at the national and local levels to control wildlife crime<\/a> and human-wildlife conflict; providing more staff training; and exchanging best practice between the two countries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Preparations for the MoU began in 2017, but stalled due to the Covid-19 pandemic, says Dhakal. While the Indian cabinet approved<\/a> a draft of the MoU in August last year, the Nepal government has yet to do so. Dhakal says he hopes approval will be received within a few weeks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the new agreement will not be legally binding, and will be funded within existing budgets, Dhakal says it will enhance local-level cross-border cooperation on wildlife conservation in different regions. \u201cFor example, the agreement ensures that initiatives taken in Jhapa and Naxalbari get more funds from the governments of both sides,\u201d Dhakal says. \u201cWe can facilitate cross-border learning exchanges to empower them.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Observers in India are also hopeful. \u201cThis MoU can help both countries protect all three big species: tigers, rhinos and elephants,\u201d says VB Mathur, former chairperson of the National Biodiversity Authority<\/a>. Indian institutions can help local cross-border initiatives with funding, capacity building and knowledge sharing, he adds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI hope, after the MoU, they [wildlife officials in India and Nepal] monitor cross-border wild elephant movement more easily to ensure both humans and elephants are safe on both sides,\u201d Biswas says. \u201cWe are excited with the news.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Additional reporting by Flavia Lopes<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

As the two countries prepare an agreement on human-wildlife conflict, local successes in managing conflict with elephants and tigers may offer valuable lessons <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3907,"featured_media":20116859,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[764],"tags":[502,13887,610],"hashtags":[],"country":[20000111,20000113],"class_list":["post-20116815","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nature","tag-activism","tag-conflict","tag-wildlife","country-india","country-nepal"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nTackling human-wildlife conflict across the India-Nepal border<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"As the two countries prepare an agreement on human-wildlife conflict, local successes may offer lessons on cross-border elephant conflict\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, 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