{"id":20118776,"date":"2023-07-11T17:18:49","date_gmt":"2023-07-11T11:48:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thethirdpole.net\/?p=118776"},"modified":"2023-07-26T14:24:31","modified_gmt":"2023-07-26T08:54:31","slug":"reclaiming-wastewater-a-sustainable-path-for-water-consumption-in-india","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/water\/reclaiming-wastewater-a-sustainable-path-for-water-consumption-in-india\/","title":{"rendered":"Reclaiming wastewater: A sustainable path for water consumption in India"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

On 21 April, during a high-level committee meeting on the rejuvenation of the Yamuna river<\/a>, VK Saxena made a plea to his city: New Delhi must ramp up its treatment of wastewater. As lieutenant governor of New Delhi, which also makes him the national capital region\u2019s constitutional head, Saxena described how the city currently generates<\/a> 2,907 million litres of sewage each day. Of this, 75% is treated, a figure that prompted Saxena to call for 95% by the end of June. Officially, there is no confirmation on whether these targets have been achieved; unofficially, The Third Pole understands that although much of the construction is complete, the final phase has been interrupted by monsoon rains.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The committee for the rejuvenation of the Yamuna was set up on the orders<\/a> of India\u2019s lead environmental court, the National Green Tribunal, after it was petitioned to deal with the continued failure of governmental authorities to clean up the river. Less than 2% of India\u2019s fourth-longest river flows through Delhi, but about 80%<\/a> of the Yamuna\u2019s pollution enters during this 22-kilometre stretch. The sewage flowing from Delhi into the river is a mix of wastewater generated from households, commercial establishments and industry. As such, this untreated effluent carries disease-causing toxins with it, all of which is dumped into the Yamuna.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To restore the Yamuna, about 101.79 million<\/a> USD (8.44 billion INR) was spent on expanding Delhi\u2019s sewage treatment infrastructure between April 2016 and March 2021. But of the eight river water samples taken by the Delhi Pollution Control Committee during routine testing in April<\/a>, seven were not fit for drinking nor bathing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Furthermore, at four sampling points biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) levels had actually deteriorated since 2016. This is despite the rollout of a Yamuna river revival programme, which included two government-led campaigns: Namami Ganga<\/a>, launched in 2014, was a Ganga river cleanup and conservation initiative that allocated some of its funding to the Yamuna; India\u2019s National Green Tribunal<\/a> followed up in 2018, with an order for Delhi\u2019s government to restore polluted stretches of the Yamuna<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Biochemical oxygen demand<\/span>
\n

Discharging untreated sewage into groundwater, lakes and rivers introduces a host of contaminating pathogens into freshwater sources. The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is the amount of dissolved oxygen that aerobic bacteria need to decompose the organic waste in water. High BOD levels indicate high oxygen demand from the water\u2019s bacteria, therefore indicating high levels of organic pollutants.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Water-stressed India relying on depleting groundwater<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Delhi\u2019s sewage challenge mirrors water challenges across India<\/a>, which is one of the most water-stressed countries in the world. Without an effective strategy to treat and reuse wastewater, more than one billion people are becoming increasingly dependent on India\u2019s rapidly depleting <\/a>groundwater supplies for their domestic, agricultural and industrial needs. This dependency is high in north India<\/a>, including Delhi, which has been singled out as a global groundwater depletion hotspot in a new study<\/a> by Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar (IITG) scientists.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

People would realise that a large sewage treatment plant is a gold mine; the cheapest source of water you can be sure of<\/blockquote>Ananth Kodavasal, Ecotech director<\/cite><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

According to the IITG\u2019s study, India\u2019s projected 2021-2040 rainfall will, at best, only recover about half of the total groundwater<\/a> that was removed by the country between 2002 and 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Another analysis<\/a> by the Council on Energy, Environment and Water (CEEW) shows that, by 2025, 11 of India\u2019s 15 major river basins are expected to experience water stress.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who is responsible for India\u2019s dysfunctional sewage treatment?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In India, sewage is either treated at its source, or centrally in large municipal plants. To enable the reuse of treated wastewater, in 2006 the central government mandated<\/a> that every building over a certain size must install a sewage treatment plant and the requisite plumbing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ananth Kodavasal, director of the engineering consultancy Ecotech, says that an estimated eight in 10 private sector treatment plants don\u2019t perform optimally: \u201cWe consider a plant a failure even if it treats a part of the sewage and discharges the rest untreated.\u201d Rohini Pradeep, wastewater management lead at the sanitation-focused not-for-profit CDD India, says this could be down to \u201cthe experience and preference of the building\u2019s architects, mechanical, engineering, plumbing contractors, and other contractors [whose] selection may not necessarily be the best option for the user in terms of performance and costs\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The story is hardly better in the public sector, where much of the installed treatment capacity does not meet the prescribed standards of pollution control boards. For instance, in Delhi, only 29%<\/a> of installed capacity was compliant as of February this year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The benefits of treating and using wastewater<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

When it comes to sewage, India produces 72,368 million litres per day (mld)<\/a>. Of that, only 20,235mld (28%) is treated and just 6% is actually reused<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cAvailability of treated and used water could be increased by developing low-cost, fit-for-purpose methods to treat sewage generated in rural India.\u201d That\u2019s according to Ravinder Kaur, a principal scientist at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Furthermore, a CEEW study<\/a> from March states that, because treated water is nutrient-rich, if it is used in agriculture it can reduce fertiliser bills by up to 10%. The study also highlights the fact that pumping less groundwater for irrigation would also reduce energy consumption and therefore greenhouse gases emissions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Recommended<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/a>\n\n\n\n

Additionally, the CEEW study finds that operators of sewage treatment plants could sell their water to farms and other industry at more or less the standard market price for treated wastewater. In 2021, that figure was 20 INR (0.24 USD) per kilolitre (kl).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The treatment of wastewater, however, has not been one of India\u2019s infrastructure priorities until fairly recently. According to a new national framework<\/a> on the safe reuse of treated water, one reason for this may be that the collection and treatment of used water has historically been seen \u201cas part of a \u2018linear\u2019 process\u201d, as opposed to one of the \u201ccomponents of a wider circular economy\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting groundwater use in perspective<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The snag is, the cost of fresh water is so heavily subsidised in India, and groundwater pumping so poorly monitored, that consumers have no incentive to buy treated wastewater. Therefore, the private sector doesn\u2019t consider sewage treatment a viable business.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bengaluru is India\u2019s second-largest city by area, where Kodavasal estimates that it costs the water authority roughly 1 USD (80-90 INR) to transport 1kl of fresh water about 100km, from the Cauvery River. On the outskirts of the city, where supply pipelines haven\u2019t been laid, the water authority instead supplies water through tankers at a cost of 1.30 USD (100-120 INR) per kilolitre. Yet despite these costs, the utility only charges domestic users between 0.01 and 0.55 USD (7-45 INR) per kilolitre<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

If fresh water were priced to reflect its scarcity value, especially in areas with water stress, the demand for treated wastewater \u2013 the less expensive alternative \u2013 would increase<\/blockquote>Nitin Bassi, CEEW senior programme lead<\/cite><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

These figures are significantly higher than those for recycled water. Kodavasal estimates that used water treated in a large plant \u2013 with a capacity of 1,000,000kl per day \u2013 costs 0.2 USD (15-18 INR) per kilolitre. Water treated in a smaller plant \u2013 say, 100,000kl per day \u2013 costs 0.38 USD (30-35 INR) per kilolitre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The CEEW\u2019s senior programme lead, Nitin Bassi, sums it up: \u201cIf fresh water were priced to reflect its scarcity value, especially in areas with water stress, the demand for treated wastewater \u2013 the less expensive alternative \u2013 would increase.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kodavasal agrees: \u201cPeople would realise that a large sewage treatment plant is a gold mine; the cheapest source of water you can be sure of.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So far, the only major Indian city where this has happened is Chennai, which faced a major water crisis<\/a> in the summer of 2019. In response to the crisis, Chennai’s urban water authority has since developed an effective business model<\/a> to treat and reuse water. The question is, will every other major city in India have to face such a crisis before it learns to reuse this precious resource?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

By effectively treating and reusing wastewater, India can quit its dependency on fast-depleting groundwaters for households and industry<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1072,"featured_media":20118789,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[50039903],"tags":[20000060,50040707,50040328],"hashtags":[],"country":[20000111],"class_list":["post-20118776","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-water","tag-groundwater","tag-the-third-pole","tag-water-quality","country-india"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nReclaiming wastewater: A sustainable path for water consumption in India | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"By effectively treating and reusing wastewater, India can quit its dependency on fast-depleting groundwaters for households and industry\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, 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