{"id":20121725,"date":"2023-09-26T23:15:36","date_gmt":"2023-09-26T17:45:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thethirdpole.net\/?p=121725"},"modified":"2023-10-09T16:07:43","modified_gmt":"2023-10-09T10:37:43","slug":"drought-resilient-millet-a-pathway-to-food-security-in-india","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/food\/drought-resilient-millet-a-pathway-to-food-security-in-india\/","title":{"rendered":"Drought-resilient millet: a pathway to food security in India?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-drop-cap\">The Indian government is making a significant effort to raise the profile of millet, an under-consumed, climate-resilient crop, both at home and via Indian embassies across the world. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>That effort is being recognised globally: in January, after a proposal from India, the United Nations General Assembly <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindubusinessline.com\/blexplainer\/bl-explainer-how-the-international-year-of-millets-will-boost-indian-millets\/article66337440.ece\">declared<\/a> 2023 as the International Year of Millets. In June, a marinated millet salad made it onto the <a href=\"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/jill-biden-modi-india-state-visit-3aa5a5fee6d8e1b6b8d2807f9b6d3f86\">menu<\/a> of the\u00a0White House state dinner for Indian prime minister Narendra Modi, while millets were served at every\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.narendramodi.in\/pm-modi-s-mann-ki-baat-2023-january-567430\">G20 meeting<\/a> held in India this year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cd-accordion block--accordion\"><span class=\"block--accordion__title\">What is millet?<\/span><div class=\"block--accordion__content\"><div class=\"block--accordion__content__inner\">\n<p>Millet is a small grain grown mostly in Asia and Africa for cattle fodder and human consumption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It has been eaten by humans for thousands of years. The most commonly cultivated type is pearl millet, followed by finger millet, proso millet, foxtail millet and barnyard millet.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The push to promote millet began in 2018, which India <a href=\"https:\/\/pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1887847#:~:text=In%20April%202018%2C%20Millets%20were,forecast%20period%20between%202021%2D2026\">declared<\/a> a National Year of Millets. That year, the country rebranded the grain as a \u2018nutri-cereal\u2019 for its higher nutrient content relative to wheat and rice, two popular national \u2013\u00a0and global \u2013 staples.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<iframe src='https:\/\/flo.uri.sh\/visualisation\/15151547\/embed' title='Interactive or visual content' class='flourish-embed-iframe' frameborder='0' scrolling='no' style='width:100%;height:600px;' sandbox='allow-same-origin allow-forms allow-scripts allow-downloads allow-popups allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox allow-top-navigation-by-user-activation'><\/iframe>\n\n\n\n<p>But despite the government\u2019s promotion of millet as a <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12664-023-01377-1\">superfood<\/a> of the future, experts say that demand remains low, and that in the face of more frequent weather extremes, much more has to be done to ensure that the drought-resistant crop is produced and consumed in higher quantities than it is today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">From staple to unpopular crop<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Prior to the 1960s, millet was a staple in the Indian diet. Devinder Sharma, an agriculture policy analyst, traces the roots of today\u2019s low demand for millet back to India\u2019s Green Revolution beginning in the 1960s, during which technology was widely adopted in the country\u2019s agriculture practices. \u201cMany farmers switched to growing high-yield hybrid varieties of wheat, maize, rice and other crops,\u201d says Sharma.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C Tara Satyavathi, director of the Indian Institute of Millets Research, explains that \u201csince India wasn\u2019t food-secure at the time of independence [in 1947], to achieve food security, the government prioritised and supported the cultivation of wheat and rice.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Between 1960 and 2022, the annual per capita consumption of millet in India <a href=\"https:\/\/apeda.gov.in\/milletportal\/files\/Indian_Superfood_Millet_APEDA_Report.pdf\">fell<\/a> from 30.94 kg to 3.87 kg, as people increasingly consumed wheat and rice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Some attribute low demand for the grain to the fact that many, mostly younger, Indians find the taste and texture of millet <a href=\"https:\/\/bhoomimagazine.org\/2019\/04\/30\/how-climate-change-has-affected-the-food-and-farming-systems-in-uttarakhand\/\">unappealing<\/a> compared to wheat and white rice. Others <a href=\"https:\/\/www.downtoearth.org.in\/blog\/food\/millets-in-pds-a-game-changer-for-combating-malnutrition-climate-change-87350\">blame<\/a> India&#8217;s Public Distribution System (PDS) scheme, which provides eligible financially disadvantaged citizens with free rice or wheat every month, for perpetuating \u201crice-wheat centric policies\u201d that have led to a preference for those grains. (About <a href=\"https:\/\/nfsa.gov.in\/Default.aspx\">six in 10<\/a> Indians consume free grain distributed through this system.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Despite packing a host of health <a href=\"https:\/\/www.webmd.com\/diet\/health-benefits-millet\">benefits<\/a> such as antioxidants and prebiotics that help to improve gut health, according to Satyavathi, \u201cmillet had even fewer takers until the coronavirus pandemic put the spotlight on immunity-boosting foods\u201d. But despite that short-term boost in popularity, overall demand for the grain remains low.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Withstanding impacts of climate change<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Studies have shown there is a \u201csubstantial possibility\u201d that global temperatures will <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2023\/01\/30\/world\/global-warming-critical-threshold-climate-intl\/index.html#:~:text=The%20study%20estimates%20that%20the,bring%20down%20planet%2Dwarming%20pollution.\">increase by 2 degrees Celsius<\/a> over the course of the 21st century. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9955113\/#:~:text=esculenta)%2C%20proso%20or%20common%20millet,%3B%20Pardo%20and%20VanBuren%2C%202021%3B\">Drought<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.indianarrative.com\/economy-news\/how-reliance-on-millets-may-protect-indian-farmers-amid-el-nino-threat-133293.html#:~:text=Millets%2C%20touted%20as%20super%20foods,600%2D800%20ml%20of%20water.\">heatwaves<\/a> are two extreme climate events that are <a href=\"https:\/\/www.preventionweb.net\/news\/two-extremes-same-time-how-often-droughts-and-heat-waves-will-occur-together\">certain <\/a>to occur with greater frequency as a result of global warming.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the face of such climate uncertainty, low-input, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S1470160X20303496#:~:text=Climate%20change%20is%20negatively%20affecting,large%2Dscale%20adoption%20of%20LISA.\">sustainable agriculture<\/a> has been increasingly sought as a means of ensuring food security.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For many farmers, millet scores high on that count. It is a \u201clow-investment\u201d crop that is rainfed and barely needs inputs such as pesticide and fertiliser, notes Vijay Jardhar, a farmer in his seventies who has grown the crop on an acre of land in a village in Uttarakhand, northern India, for 30 years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There is ample research to show that millet, a cereal <a href=\"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rspb.2016.0792\">native<\/a> to India, South-east Asia and parts of Africa, is a hardy crop that can withstand hot weather extremes. Pearl millet, which accounts for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2021.659938\/full\">almost half<\/a> of the world\u2019s millet production, has a deep root system that allows it to survive droughts, according to a recent <a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2021.659938\/full\">study<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<a class=\"wp-block-cd-related-news alignright block--related-news loading\" data-post-id=\"20113900\"><div class=\"block--related-news__image\"><\/div><div class=\"block--related-news__content\"><span class=\"block--related-news__heading\">Recommended<\/span><span class=\"block--related-news__title\"><\/span><\/div><\/a>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cEven if the plant [millet] shrivels during a drought, it retains the capacity to rebound as it is watered, making it an ideal crop for situations such as a delayed monsoon,\u201d Shalander Kumar, principal scientist and agricultural economist at the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), tells The Third Pole.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A 2023 <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0283298\">simulation study<\/a> that developed a framework to assess the climate sensitivity of underutilised crops showed that, even with the hotter climate brought on by a 2C increase in temperature, yields of the drought-resistant proso millet would, in fact, increase by 5% with higher levels of rainfall.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-a-path-to-increasing-millet-supply\">A path to increasing millet supply?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Unlike wheat and rice, millet thrives in drier areas and hilly terrain where water drains rapidly. One such place is Uttarakhand \u2013 a hilly, landlocked state in the Himalayas whose economy is dominated by agriculture and tourism. A key grower of millet in India, it <a href=\"https:\/\/apeda.gov.in\/milletportal\/files\/Statewise_Millet_Production.pdf\">produced<\/a> 7% of the country\u2019s finger millet and 20% of small millet in 2020-2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dinesh Kumar, joint director of agriculture (planning) at the Uttarakhand Government Agriculture Department, says that this is down to the state&#8217;s hilly terrain, and the fact that \u201cabout 89% of our area [Uttarakhand] isn\u2019t irrigated, nor does it receive sufficient rainfall to grow paddy.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Despite such geographic and climatic advantages, however, millet cultivation in Uttarakhand fell by <a href=\"https:\/\/agriculture.uk.gov.in\/files\/5._Pariched-1_(Page_5_to_16).pdf\">25%<\/a> between 2012 and 2020. Dinesh Kumar attributes the continued aversion among farmers to growing millet partly to \u201cinsufficient demand [and hence return] for their traditional [millet] produce.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To give millet a boost, Uttarakhand introduced a minimum support price (MSP) for the crop in 2022 and, earlier this year, launched the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.outlookindia.com\/national\/uttarakhand-cm-inaugurates-millet-festival-news-286133\">State Millet Mission<\/a> to boost the demand and supply of millets. This included a four-day festival to educate interested famers about the benefits of the crop.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>An MSP guarantees a certain level of income to farmers for their crop. If the government-set price is higher than prevailing market rates, the prospect of a higher return encourages farmers to grow the crop.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Last year\u2019s minimum support price was INR\u00a035.78 (USD 0.43) per kg of finger millet, which was well above the regular INR 25-27 per kg market rate, says Dinesh Kumar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This year, the government will be offering INR 38.46 (USD 0.46) per\u00a0kg, he adds. This is against the market rate of INR 30 per kg, according to Vinay Kumar, managing director of the Uttarakhand Organic Commodity Board.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<iframe src='https:\/\/flo.uri.sh\/visualisation\/15152024\/embed' title='Interactive or visual content' class='flourish-embed-iframe' frameborder='0' scrolling='no' style='width:100%;height:600px;' sandbox='allow-same-origin allow-forms allow-scripts allow-downloads allow-popups allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox allow-top-navigation-by-user-activation'><\/iframe>\n\n\n\n<p>Additionally, this year, the government of Uttarakhand increased the central government-sponsored subsidy on millet seeds from 50% to 75%, in hopes of encouraging farmers to cultivate the crop.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Continued challenges for millet in India<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>It is unclear whether these incentives are enough to restore millet farming to pre-Green Revolution levels. Despite an increase in the 2023-2024 MSP of the crop, millet farmers still receive much less return over cost when cultivating pearl and finger millet compared to wheat, as well as rapeseed and mustard (at 40% and 12%, compared to 100% and 104% respectively), making the crop relatively unprofitable for them.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This could explain why, as Shalander Kumar notes, millet has largely been grown in marginal (low-value) waste land and hilly areas where other staples do not thrive. \u201cIf the millet yield is to be increased, we will have to start growing it in the best land available, which is usually allocated to competitor crops such as maize, cotton, soya beans and legumes,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But before the issue of supply is dealt with, above all, appetite for millet needs to return for the crop to be attractive to farmers. Jardhar believes that to sustain demand for the grain in the long run, a fundamental shift in the country\u2019s diet is necessary.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cWe need to go back to our old food habits&#8230; What\u2019s the point of earning more through a minimum support price but continuing to eat rice and wheat?\u201d he asks.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>As a nutrient-rich grain that can withstand drought and heat, millet is being promoted across India amid increasing weather extremes \u2013 but despite the government\u2019s promotion efforts, demand remains low<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":20000283,"featured_media":20121746,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[763],"tags":[543,50040317,546],"hashtags":[],"country":[20000111],"class_list":["post-20121725","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-food","tag-extreme-weather","tag-farming","tag-food-security","country-india"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.0 (Yoast SEO v26.0) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Drought-resilient millet: a pathway to food security in India?<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Millet is being promoted across India amid increasing weather extremes. 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