{"id":20122158,"date":"2023-10-04T19:01:44","date_gmt":"2023-10-04T13:31:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thethirdpole.net\/?p=122158"},"modified":"2023-10-24T20:00:57","modified_gmt":"2023-10-24T14:30:57","slug":"inundation-of-ho-chi-minh-city-disproportionately-impacts-least-affluent-districts","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/inundation-of-ho-chi-minh-city-disproportionately-impacts-least-affluent-districts\/","title":{"rendered":"Poorest districts worst affected in Ho Chi Minh City floods"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

In April this year, in the first downpour of southern Vietnam\u2019s rainy season, the narrow rented room where Ma Thi Diep and her children were staying in Ho Chi Minh City was inundated by knee-high water. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIt flooded in from the street and came up from the drain in the bathroom. We couldn\u2019t stop it,\u201d recalls the lottery ticket vendor. \u201cThe liquid was black like coal and so stinky I almost fainted.\u201d The water subsided after two hours, and the family cleaned the room until midnight. \u201cMy skin got itchy a bit, and it\u2019s lucky we don\u2019t have anything too valuable to get damaged,\u201d she adds, half-jokingly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Originally from Vietnam\u2019s southern province of Soc Trang, Diep\u2019s family \u2013 and many other migrants among Ho Chi Minh City\u2019s 9.4 million residents \u2013 live in District 12, to the north of the city centre. Despite lying on the higher and supposedly drier side of the city, District 12 has become one of its most flood-prone<\/a> areas in recent years. Generally it is Ho Chi Minh\u2019s outskirts, predominantly home to migrants and lower-income households, that suffer the highest<\/a> rates of subsidence and flooding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2023 rainy season began a month earlier<\/a> than usual in southern Vietnam, arriving in April<\/a>. Heavy bursts of rainfall in which 100 mm of water fell in one hour used to happen around once every five years last century, but became a daily occurrence in June and July this year, according to local authorities<\/a>. Research anticipates<\/a> that heavy rainfall will inundate the city\u2019s underdeveloped<\/a> drainage system more regularly in the coming decades.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"A<\/div>
This dwelling in District 2 of Ho Chi Minh City, which is home to many migrants from the Mekong Delta, flooded following a downpour in November 2021 (Image: Cuong Tran)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

These extreme weather trends feed into a worrying wider picture. Ho Chi Minh City is one of the world’s fastest-sinking<\/a> coastal cities, alongside Tianjin and Shanghai in China, and Semarang and Jakarta in Indonesia. The city is also at increasing<\/a> risk of substantial flooding from rising sea levels: a one-metre rise would be enough to submerge a fifth of the city by 2100, according to a 2020 government report<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The economic engine of southern Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh City produces 22% <\/a>of the country\u2019s GDP. Chronic flooding is currently estimated<\/a> to cost the city USD 1.3 billion annually, rising to USD 8.7 billion \u2013 or 3% of GDP \u2013 by 2050.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIt is a city built on water,\u201d says Nguyen Hong Quan<\/a>, an expert in environmental hydrology and climate change at Vietnam National University. \u201cAnd now it is put in front of a new set of changes. Without proper planning, more severe flooding is certain in the future.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Infrastructure outpaced by urban sprawl<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Long-time District 8 resident Nguyen Tan Loi says this swampy region was covered by rice fields and fish ponds until the early 1990s. It has since been built over with university campuses and residential wards. \u201cThe city\u2019s surface is now mostly paved by concrete, with little open soil for the water to seep into,\u201d says Hong Quan. \u201c[Rainwater] is flushed into the outdated sewers<\/a>, which can hardly handle it and eventually spill it out back to the street.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the city\u2019s southern reaches, Nguyen Trung Hieu and his neighbours also face inundation. His neighborhood in District 8<\/a> – one of Ho Chi Minh City\u2019s poorest<\/a> districts – is flooded<\/a> twice a month between September and February by the Ba Tang canal that runs through it. \u201cThe tides get higher and higher, by roughly 5cm a year,\u201d he says. Hieu has raised his floor \u201ca few times already\u201d and the residents have all paid towards work to raise their shared road.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nearly half of Ho Chi Minh City\u2019s area lies less than one metre<\/a> above sea level. It is also criss-crossed by a network of tide-influenced rivers and canals that covers approximately 21%<\/a> of the city. This network is one reason why the city has been an important trade port for the past two centuries for ships carrying agricultural goods from the Mekong Delta<\/a> and other areas of southern Vietnam. Following the war in the 1960s-70s, it became the country\u2019s manufacturing and financial hub.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Aerial<\/div>
Ho Chi Minh City’s District 8 is a low-lying, historically swampy area that has been built over in recent years, hindering water drainage (Image: Thanh Hue)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

This explosive economic growth came with rapid urbanisation<\/a>, stacked mostly upon soft, alluvial soil. Plumbing infrastructure was slow to catch up to the urban sprawl, so groundwater extraction using makeshift wells became widespread. Thousands<\/a> of these wells remain in Ho Chi Minh City, pumping groundwater for industrial, domestic and agricultural uses. Where extraction of groundwater exceeds the rate at which it can be replenished, this can cause the water table to lower, and the ground above it to sink.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Between 1991 and 2015, Vietnam\u2019s wider Mekong Delta area sank by an average of approximately 18cm during those 24 years; a 2017 study<\/a> found groundwater overexploitation to be the main culprit. The gradual subsidence of this area is forcing the poorest<\/a> inhabitants with the least amount of land to migrate, most likely<\/a> to Ho Chi Minh City and adjacent industrial hubs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to a 2015 study, Ho Chi Minh City itself subsided by an average of 8mm<\/a> per year during 2006-2010. The most severe levels of subsidence, reaching 70mm per year, were noted in the city\u2019s eastern outskirts, along the Saigon River. Following municipal efforts to reduce groundwater extraction and defend against sea-level rise, a 2020 study found that subsidence levels had improved to between 3.3mm and 53mm<\/a> per year during 2017-2019. However, the fastest subsidence rates were still to be found in the city\u2019s outskirts. Meanwhile, rising sea levels are projected to displace 78%<\/a> of Ho Chi Minh City’s inhabitants by 2100.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Disproportionate impacts on Ho Chi Minh City’s residents<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

A 2016 World Bank study found that Ho Chi Minh City\u2019s slums (\u201cdensely built small households and shelters that have [a] predominantly semi\u2010permanent character\u201d) are disproportionately exposed to the consequences of flooding, with 68\u201085%<\/a> being at risk, compared to an average of 63-68% across all of the city\u2019s urban areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>
Recommended<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/a>\n\n\n\n

Ho Chi Minh City is Vietnam\u2019s strongest<\/a> migration magnet, but the city\u2019s environmental challenges tend to exacerbate the problems faced by many newcomers. \u201cWe found migrants were initially healthier than non-migrants, but then their health declined really quickly over time,\u201d says Hang Ngo, a public health research scientist. Last year, her research<\/a> into migrants from the Mekong Delta found that most live in small, poorly ventilated dwellings with substandard hygiene conditions. If these dwellings are in flood-prone areas, the risk of dengue fever and skin infections increases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le Van Loi, a garment worker by day and motorbike taxi driver by night who lives in Binh Chanh District on Ho Chi Minh City\u2019s western outskirts, tells The Third Pole that floods are his biggest fear: the waters can knock over drivers, while fixing a waterlogged bike costs more than VND 150,000 (USD 6). \u201cNot worth it for a few dollars\u2019 ride,\u201d says the 29-year-old. During particularly rainy spells, Loi\u2019s income drops substantially.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Crucially, the city\u2019s low-income and migrant populations, who tend to live in areas of high flood risk with underdeveloped local infrastructure, usually have fewer resources to protect them from flooding. \u201cIt is like a vicious circle,\u201d says Cao Vu Quynh Anh, a University of Tokyo researcher who has studied<\/a> how Ho Chi Minh City residents cope with floods.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Two<\/div>
A road on the outskirts of Ho Chi Minh City\u2019s District 2, flooded following heavy rain in June 2018 (Image: Cuong Tran)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Grey, green and communal problem-solving<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The Vietnamese government is currently betting on engineering to hold back the water in its biggest city. But progress so far has been slow. For example, a drainage infrastructure project<\/a> for the city was proposed in 2001, but 20 years later, its construction was less than 50%<\/a> complete. Another project, which seeks to protect a 570<\/a> sq <\/a>km<\/a> area encompassing the city centre with ring dykes, sluiceways and water pumps, is currently behind schedule. Insufficient interest<\/a> in such projects from both city authorities and private investors is reportedly a factor in these delays.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Critics have pointed out that these flood defense projects are too limited in scope however, because they are mainly concerned with the old, central<\/a> areas. Ho Chi Minh City\u2019s urban sprawl is outpacing protection plans. \u201cThese \u2018grey\u2019 solutions may help soothe the flooding problems, but they are not enough,\u201d says Hong Quan. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to research<\/a> published in June 2023, the deployment of \u201csmall-scale rainwater detention measures\u201d (also known as the ‘sponge city’ approach) would be beneficial in Ho Chi Minh City. Such measures would include installing green roofs, rain barrels, porous sidewalks and water-detention basins. The research found that these smaller-scale, fragmented measures are a \u201chighly complementary adaptation pathway\u201d when deployed alongside large-scale engineering interventions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>
Recommended<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/a>\n\n\n\n

Quynh Anh says the city is following the same reactive<\/a> adaptation approach as other Asian coastal cities like Tokyo, Jakarta and Manila. This approach means \u201cfewer choices of measures are left and time is very tight for any solution\u201d, she says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to both Hong Quan and Quynh Anh, Vietnam\u2019s most populous city currently lacks a comprehensive flood-mitigation plan that connects solutions together. But for such a plan to materialise, Quynh Anh says \u201cbetter communication between the city and its people\u201d is essential. \u201cUnderstanding is very important. It helps the city to come up with more applicable adaptation plans, and the residents can be proactive in coping with flooding.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, both Ma Thi Diep and Nguyen Trung Hieu are running out of solutions. Diep has moved her family to a new neighbourhood on higher ground, but she says she cannot afford a more expensive room if this one floods. And Hieu knows the tide will keep climbing, but he cannot keep raising his home: \u201cIf we lift the floor any higher, it will touch the ceiling.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Facing sinking lands, rising seas and intensifying rainfall, low-income and migrant residents of Vietnam\u2019s largest city are on the frontlines of a problem that is outpacing state solutions<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":20000283,"featured_media":20122182,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[761],"tags":[519,543,556],"hashtags":[],"country":[20028207],"class_list":["post-20122158","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate","tag-climate-impacts","tag-extreme-weather","tag-infrastructure","country-vietnam"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nPoorest districts worst affected in Ho Chi Minh City floods | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Low-income and migrant residents of Vietnam\u2019s largest city \u2013 Ho Chi Minh City \u2013 face sinking lands, rising seas and intensifying 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