{"id":25820,"date":"2007-03-05T15:49:00","date_gmt":"2007-03-05T15:49:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2020-05-14T18:34:40","modified_gmt":"2020-05-14T18:34:40","slug":"820-hong-kong-how-to-breathe-easier","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/pollution\/820-hong-kong-how-to-breathe-easier\/","title":{"rendered":"Hong Kong: how to breathe easier"},"content":{"rendered":"

Hong Kong’s worsening <\/span>air quality <\/span>has become an increasingly<\/span> hot topic in the global press<\/span>. Photographs of thick<\/span>, grey smog have appeared on the front of news magazines<\/a>, and <\/span>Hong Kong’s desirability as a home for international executives has been thrown into<\/span> question<\/span> – news which came as a nasty shock to the city authorities<\/span>. Recent polls show that air quality is a top concern among <\/span>city residents; and last year<\/span> Merill Lynch, the <\/span>investment bank, warned that air quality in Hong Kong is now so poor that the city’s long-term competitiveness is under threat<\/span>. Skilled professionals were already departing Hong Kong because of the<\/span> heavy<\/span> pollution, the bank said, <\/span>and more will <\/span>surely follow. <\/span><\/p>\n

So, just how bad is Hong Kong<\/span>’s air?<\/p>\n

Street-level air quality regularly <\/span>falls short of the government’s Air Quality Objectives (AQOs)<\/span>, and even further short of the World Health Organisation <\/span>(WHO) Air Quality Guidelines. For example, on 19 and 20 November<\/span> 2006, roadside levels of respirable suspended particulates (RSP<\/a><\/span>s – equivalent to PM10<\/a>) exceeded the WHO<\/span> guidelines by at least 300%<\/span>. Since millions of people in Hong Kong live and work in close proximity to busy roads, this <\/span>presents a major health risk to city residents<\/span>. Studies by local public health experts have found that these roadside pollution levels are responsible for 90,000 hospital admissions and 2,800 premature deaths <\/span>every year. <\/p>\n

Declining regional air quality means visibility has <\/span>also decreased dramatically. In 2004, low visibility occurred 18% of the time<\/span> – the highest on record, according to the Hong Kong observatory. <\/span><\/p>\n

The most problematic air pollutants in the region<\/span>, besides RSPs, are ozone and nitrogen dioxide. But what are the sources of this <\/span>pollution? <\/p>\n

Most of Hong Kong’s power is generated by burning coal. In fact, e<\/span>lectricity generation produces half of Hong Kong’s total emissions of <\/span>nitrogen oxide and particulates, and 92% of its total sulphur dioxide<\/span> emissions. Most local power stations do not yet have <\/span>flue gas desulphurisation<\/a>,<\/span> although equipment is being installed and the government has required that all new generation capacity should come from<\/span> natural gas. <\/span><\/p>\n

Hong Kong’s roads are also the most crowded in the world, with almost 280 vehicles for every kilometre of road. <\/span>The city’s vehicle fleet is dominated by heavily polluting, ageing goods vehicles, most of which run between the city and the Pearl River Delta. Diesel commercial vehicles are responsible 90% of RSP<\/span>s and 80% of nitrogen dioxide<\/span> emissions from the entire road transport sector, despite making up only 23% of the vehicle fleet. Double-decker diesel buses and a steadily growing fleet of private cars <\/span>have also added to congestion and pollution.<\/p>\n

Recent studies have shown that although emissions from marine vessels make up a relatively small proportion of total emissions, they affect dense population cent<\/span>res on the Kowloon peninsula, where container terminals are located<\/span>, and so have a significant public health impact. Bunker fuel is highly polluting, and these terminals function 24 hours a day. <\/span><\/p>\n

But Hong Kong’s air quality not only <\/span>suffers from severe local air pollution<\/span> generated by the city itself, but also regional smog – pollution that arises<\/span> from the industry of the <\/span>Pearl River Delta<\/span><\/a> area.<\/p>\n

The city’s air has been greatly affected by the rapid industrialisation and urbanisation of <\/span>south China’s <\/span>Pearl River Delta region. The delta area is about the size of <\/span>the San Francisco<\/span> Bay Area, and while it is<\/span> not a geographically large area<\/span>, it is where Hong Kong’s light industrial manufacturing relocated to in the 1980s, as<\/span> Hong Kong capital <\/span>fed China’s mighty export production capabilities. Even though China now has other export production <\/span>hubs, Guangdong Province still generates about 30% of China’s total annual export earnings. <\/p>\n

Electricity generation, energy-intensive industry and a rapidly growing fleet of vehicles are all major sources of emissions in the <\/span>Pearl River Delta region. The power-generating capacity of <\/span>Guangdong province<\/span> is still made up in<\/span> large <\/span>part by <\/span>highly polluting and inefficient small capacity units, although some of these <\/span>are being phased out<\/span>. Shortages in the power supply to industry also<\/span> mean that many factories often run their own generators, which burn low quality fuels. While the authorities have issued warnings and fines<\/span>, as well as pushing<\/span> more polluting businesses to upgrade or relocate, the air quality in the <\/span>Pearl River Delta is still very poor<\/span>. <\/p>\n

A regional emissions inventory conducted around 10 years ago showed that about 80% of air pollutants have their source across the border in the Pearl River Delta region, while 20% are emitted by Hong Kong.<\/span> This has led many people in<\/span> Hong Kong <\/span>to feel that its pollution is outside their jurisdiction, and that local efforts would not be enough to turn things round<\/span> – an impression that has had a debilitating effect on pollution control efforts. <\/p>\n

But the most recent research (to be published in March 2007 by Civic Exchange<\/a>) shows that by examining data from regional and local monitoring stations and combining it with meteorological information, an interesting picture <\/span>emerges. Controlling emissions from marine and transportation sources in Hong Kong more stringently could in fact have a substantial impact on the city’s public health<\/span>. Hopefully this new research will push the Hong Kong government to take much more aggressive action in local pollution control.<\/span> But what should this involve?<\/p>\n

One crucial step would be to replace Hong Kong<\/span>’s outdated AQOs. These air quality standards were set in 1987, and have not since <\/span>been revised. There is <\/span>now growing pressure for Hong Kong to adopt the WHO global standards, which <\/span>better reflect current knowledge of pollution’s effects on health. But the government <\/span>has shown reluctance to adopt the WHO standards for fear that Hong Kong’s air quality will <\/span>be shown to fall short of the guidelines, since the city’s pollution levels<\/span> already exceed the<\/span> weaker AQOs. Experts have criticised the government for misapplying air quality standards<\/span> by regarding them as nothing more than administrative guidelines<\/span>, when they are in fact set to protect public health. <\/p>\n

Pollution is a major cause of illness in Hong Kong. Every<\/span> year, pollution is the cause of around 1,600 deaths (four per day), 64,200 hospital admissions (176 per day) and 6,811,960 doctor visits (18,600 per day). <\/span>These serious health effects result in annual community losses of over HK$2 billion <\/span>(around US$255 million) in direct health care costs and productivity losses<\/span>, and HK$19 billion (around US$2.5 billion) in further costs<\/a><\/span> arising from pain, suffering and personal loss.<\/p>\n

Apart from tightening the AQOs, other measures Hong Kong needs to take include:<\/span><\/p>\n

– Improving energy efficiency: Hong Kong’s energy-efficiency policy lags behind most developed countries. It <\/span>should make energy-efficiency standards mandatory for buildings and appliances. Research shows <\/span>that 30% of Hong Kong’s total electricity could be saved if all commercial buildings <\/span>adopted the standards set out in the Hong Kong Building Environmental Assessment Method (HKBEAM<\/a><\/span>) – a local building standard which is now voluntary.<\/p>\n

– Getting highly-polluting pre-Euro and Euro I <\/a>commercial vehicles off the road<\/span>: the government is providing a grant to owners in order to encourage them to<\/span> replace <\/span>these cars with Euro IV vehicles. But this should be<\/span> combined with road usage measures, such as banning certain types of vehicles from urban areas during <\/span>the <\/span>daytime.<\/p>\n

– Implementing a “green ports” policy: Hong Kong should<\/span> aggressively reduce emissions arising from port operations<\/span>, as well as the transportation logistics sector involved in export manufacturing.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Working with Guangdong province: Hong Kong must <\/span>address regional air quality issues and build capacity for a regional air monitor<\/span>ing framework for the future.<\/p>\n

\n<\/p>\n

\n

Christine Lo<\/em>h is the <\/em>CEO<\/em> of <\/em>Civic Exchange<\/em><\/p>\n

Homepage photo by Tony Oxborrow<\/a>
\n<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Hong Kong’s worsening air pollution causes four deaths a day on average. Improvements are needed, but how? Christine Loh says revised air quality standards, improved energy efficiency and greener ports are key.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":132,"featured_media":52746,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[760],"tags":[],"hashtags":[],"country":[],"class_list":["post-25820","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-pollution"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nHong Kong: how to breathe easier | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Hong Kong’s worsening air pollution causes four deaths a day on average. Improvements are needed, but how? 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