{"id":26024,"date":"2007-05-21T17:10:00","date_gmt":"2007-05-21T17:10:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2020-05-14T18:35:05","modified_gmt":"2020-05-14T18:35:05","slug":"1024-rethinking-china-s-bioenergy-future","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/energy\/1024-rethinking-china-s-bioenergy-future\/","title":{"rendered":"Rethinking China\u2019s bioenergy future"},"content":{"rendered":"

China is currently in a phase of rapid industrialisation and integration into the world economy. But this has come at a high price, putting great strain <\/span>on the environment through extensive use of fossil fuels<\/span><\/a> and other natural resources. The difference in living standards between urban and rural areas<\/span> – and between the east and west of the country – has also widened, and unemployment is rising fast. Many are concerned that China’s long-term prosperity could be harmed by increasing social inequality<\/span><\/a> and conflicts resulting from environmental pressures and eco-system degradation<\/span>. Unemployment is projected tohit 100 million by 2010, and most of these people will be in <\/span>the poor western regions<\/a>, where farmers are desperately <\/span>trying to survive and seek better lives for their families. It is clear that China needs alternative solutions <\/span>for its ailing agricultural sector, which some 900 million farmers depend on.<\/p>\n

Agriculture in China has developed at a much slower pace than industry over the <\/span>past two decades, which has led to increasing inequality between rural and urban residents. The majority of migrant workers<\/a> <\/span>in China’s cities come from rural areas for economic reasons:  low income <\/span>from farming and land loss due to urban expansion and increased mechanisation of agricultural production. Sustainable rural development in China’s west is faced with m<\/span>ajor challenges: farmers <\/span>still lag behind in income compared to <\/span>residents of coastal regions; ecosystems are vulnerable; poverty is <\/span>persistent; and the majority of farmers rely on agriculture residues<\/a><\/span>, forest biomass or coal-burning for cooking and space heating, which <\/span>can have severe health effects as a result of indoor air pollution<\/a><\/span>. Above all, current <\/span>reliance on the exploration of industrial raw materials and burning fossil fuel<\/span>s cannot make farmers rich, but <\/span>instead pollutes their living environment, as well as damaging their land and their means of <\/span>making a <\/span>living.<\/p>\n

The Chinese government has reali<\/span>sed how urgently it needs <\/span>an alternative solution. Under the banner of creating a “harmonious society”<\/a>, the government is looking into new options<\/span> for sustainable rural development, utili<\/span>sing resources more efficiently, prioritising new and renewable energy technologies with wider market applications. With its vast territory and divers<\/span>e geographical regions, China has <\/span>a large stock of biomass resources from agricultur<\/span>al and forest residues, <\/span>as well as<\/span> vast areas of wasteland that can be used for bioenergy<\/a> development<\/span>, such as <\/span>small and <\/span>decentralised electricity and heat generation, household applications and biofuels<\/a> <\/span>cultivation.<\/p>\n

Bioenergy development has become a top <\/span>government priority, and China’s law on renewable energy was implemented in January 2006. The current focus is on electricity generation from surplus agricultur<\/span>al residues, which <\/span>are estimated at 200 million tonnes yearly. The government has set up a long-term target of 30 gigawatts of electricity generated from biomass by 2020, which will require billions of dollars in investment. There is <\/span>also a growing interest in the development of biofuels such as biodiesel<\/a> and ethanol<\/a>, intended to reduce oil imports, which currently account for more than 46% of China’s total oil supply – a major energy security concern<\/span> for the government. This explains the Chinese government<\/span>’s surprise announcement that it will import one million ton<\/span>nes of ethanol each year from Brazil, a development that no doubt<\/span> paves the way for new business opportunities<\/span> in China and the rest of the world.<\/p>\n

However, this strategy is being defined too narrowly, <\/span>and poor and disadvantaged social groups are still being overlooked. While biomass-burning<\/span> power <\/span><\/a><\/span>plants<\/span><\/a><\/span>could help improve the quality of life for<\/span> poor people living in remote areas without access to electricity, the current plan is to build dozens of demonstration biomass power plants <\/span>in economically-developed regions<\/span>, such as in eastern China’s Jiangsu province and Shandong province. Rural residents will only benefit from bioenergy development if it <\/span>comes to where they live<\/span> and takes their daily needs into account.<\/p>\n

In some regions, farmers suffer from the severe health impacts of coal burning at home. Fluoride poisoning<\/a> is a common health problem in Guizhou <\/span>province, where some 19 million poor farmers <\/span>are affected, mostly women, children and the elderly – often from minority ethnic groups<\/a><\/span>. Most farmers also still use biomass for cooking and heating in <\/span>the traditional way, especially in poor and remote regions, while farmers in richer coastal regions are shifting towards the use of commercial energies such as coal and natural gas.<\/span> Traditional biomass burning<\/span> wastes a lot of energy<\/span>, since the efficiency rate of a typical family stove is around 5% to 8%. One rural family I spoke to in the Northwestern Yunnan Province use an average of <\/span>14 to 16 tonnes of firewood every year, causing real damage to natural forests. By contrast, modern biomass stoves<\/span><\/a><\/span> can achieve 30<\/span>% to 40% efficiency rates. <\/span>The use<\/span> of these stoves can therefore benefit the global environment, save <\/span>on resources and increase revenues for rural enterprises.   <\/span><\/p>\n

China needs to make a massive transition from traditional to modern uses of biomass as part of its strategy <\/span>for sustainable rural development. This act of leapfrogging requires innovative policy support from the government. <\/span>It can benefit farmers by improving their health and living conditions, reduce fossil fuel use, create jobs and generate income. Today, m<\/span>ost of the country’s agricultural residues are burnt in the fields, causing air pollution and wasting <\/span>resources. In addition to other environmental and social benefits<\/span>, the same amount of investment in household biomass utilisation as in biomass power plants <\/span>could generate five to 10 times more local jobs <\/span>for rural residents <\/span>and five to nine<\/span> times more income for small companies.  <\/p>\n

The Chinese government has <\/span>so far paid scant<\/span> attention to these issues, particularly on how to use biomass resources more efficiently. Strong policy incentives should be established to provide favo<\/span>urable conditions <\/span>for investments from<\/span> innovators and small enterprises involved in the social and technological transition towards sustainable rural development. <\/span>These energy policies could also play a large role in mitigating climate change<\/a><\/span> and moving China away from burning dirty coal<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Supporting household biomass use<\/span> could ease the<\/span> pressure on rapid urban development<\/a><\/span> as rural communities start to improve in their living conditions. At the international level<\/span>, bioenergy has become a dynamic force, with governments, industry, aid agencies and private investors <\/span>all seeing <\/span>China as a “land of opportunity” for investment. By integrating greenhouse<\/span>–gas emissions reduction with <\/span>the sustainable development of rural energy systems, China can set an example for other <\/span>biomass<\/span>–rich<\/span> developing countries <\/span>as they strive for the combined benefits of social development and environmental protection.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Dr. Gan<\/em> Lin is a s<\/em>enior<\/em> r<\/em>esearch <\/em>f<\/em>ellow at CICERO (Center for International Climate and Environmental Research – Oslo)<\/span><\/em>.<\/em><\/p>\n

\n

Homepage photo by Shoebox<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

China is increasingly looking to bioenergy to meet the needs of its growing economy. But its energy strategy should not overlook the poor, says Gan Lin, who argues that small-scale biomass projects can bring great benefits to rural communities.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":163,"featured_media":52826,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[757],"tags":[],"hashtags":[],"country":[],"class_list":["post-26024","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-energy"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nRethinking China\u2019s bioenergy future | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"China is increasingly looking to bioenergy to meet the needs of its growing economy. 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