{"id":26967,"date":"2008-05-05T10:33:00","date_gmt":"2008-05-05T10:33:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2020-05-14T18:36:48","modified_gmt":"2020-05-14T18:36:48","slug":"1967-a-quiet-revolution-in-brazil","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/uncategorized\/1967-a-quiet-revolution-in-brazil\/","title":{"rendered":"A quiet revolution in Brazil"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jaime_Lerner\">Jaime Lerner<\/a> rarely leaves home without his little black book. In between meetings with Russian senators, European diplomats, Korean politicians or Brazilian governors, the 70-year-old architect and urban planner opens the notebook and scribbles down his latest ideas.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Inside, there are sketches of the &quot;portable street&quot;, a plan to transform deserted, rundown city centres into bustling communities. There are blueprints for the Dock-Dock, a tiny, futuristic automobile intended to cut congestion and pollution levels. And there are rap song lyrics.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>&quot;It&#39;s possible, it&#39;s possible! You can do it! You can do it,&quot; reads the most recent, entitled <em>The Sustainable Song<\/em>. &quot;Make the transition. Cut carbon emissions!&quot;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Leaf through the notebook and it is easy to get a sense of the audacious and often eccentric thinking that has made Lerner a hero in his native Brazil and a reference point for architects and city planners the world over. He is celebrated as the mayor who oversaw the once-unthinkable transformation of his hometown, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Curitiba\">Curitiba<\/a>, turning a grimy, congested state capital into an economically viable example of green living and social responsibility.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Increasingly, Lerner is hailed as an environmental hero whose notebooks may hold some of the solutions to the problem of climate change &#8212; a man on a crusade to improve living and environmental conditions for future generations.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Lerner, the son of Polish immigrants, was born in 1937 in Curitiba, a then-small city in the south of Brazil, which today is home to around 1.8 million people. His fascination with the city began early. As a child, he remembers watching the impoverished immigrant workers streaming off trains in the city&#39;s central station outside his house, the politicians scurrying to work in the town hall, and the clowns cavorting in the circus next door. &quot;I did my course of both fantasy and reality on that street,&quot; he recalls.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>It was a time of huge social change in Brazil, with immigrants from across the world streaming into the country in search of a better future. &quot;I always felt a great connection with the street,&quot; he says. &quot;My dream was to be an architect.&quot;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>After dropping out of engineering school &#8212; his local university did not offer a course in architecture at the time &#8212; and then finally studying architecture, Lerner began putting his own fantasies into practice in order to confront the realities of his hometown. By the mid-1960s, the population of Curitiba had burgeoned to nearly 500,000 and the problems that all large cities face were starting to appear.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Frustrated by the responses of the authorities, Lerner and a group of young, idealistic architects and engineers began to set out their own designs for the city&#39;s future. &quot;I saw things happening that I thought were wrong,&quot; he says. &quot;They were destroying the city&#39;s history, opening up big roads that wiped out the whole memory of the city, planning the city just for cars.&quot;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>In contrast, Lerner&#39;s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.solutions-site.org\/artman\/publish\/article_62.shtml\">master plan<\/a> for the city involved a mix of affordable, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sierraclub.org\/sierra\/200601\/interview.asp\">integrated transport<\/a> as well as social and environmental programmes that would help break down social divisions and bring new life to the capital of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paran%C3%A1_%28state%29\">Paran&aacute;<\/a> state. In 1971, aged just 33, Lerner was &quot;appointed&quot; mayor by the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Brazil_%281964%E2%80%931985%29\">military regime<\/a> that ruled Brazil from 1964 to 1985. The Lerner revolution, which would later be replicated in cities from Colombia and Cuba to Russia, began.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>&quot;The city of Curitiba became a reference for doing exactly the opposite of what other cities were doing,&quot; he says. &quot;Other cities were building big bridges and freeways, and we were making pedestrian streets. Many cities were building metro systems, and we started our own transport system.&quot; Key to the transformation was stealth, Lerner believes. &quot;I said: &#39;We have to do things quickly because next week we might not be here anymore [because of the dictatorship].&#39; And you have to be quick to avoid your own bureaucracy. Bureaucracy is like a fungus that contaminates everything.&quot; <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Over the following 20 years, a period during which Curitiba underwent drastic, rapid changes, Lerner was mayor three times. &quot;We built the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wire_Opera_House\">opera house<\/a> in two months, the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Botanical_Garden_of_Curitiba\">botanical gardens<\/a> in three months, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.globosapiens.net\/zeca\/picture-museum-oscar-niemeyer-36261.html\">Niemeyer&#39;s museum<\/a> in five months. We transformed the city&#39;s main street into a pedestrian area in 72 hours. It wasn&#39;t that we were chasing after records &#8212; it was necessity.&quot;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>In 1988 came Lerner&#39;s masterpiece, the Rede Integrada de Transporte (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rede_Integrada_de_Transporte\">RIT<\/a>), or integrated transport system. The network &#8212; later reproduced in <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TransMilenio\">Bogot&aacute;<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LACMTA_Orange_Line\">Los Angeles<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panama_City#Transportation\">Panama City<\/a> &#8212; involved the construction of futuristic-style &quot;tubos&quot;, tube-like street-side bus shelters from which people could travel anywhere in the city for a flat fare. The RIT was, in effect, a low-budget overland subway.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Then there were the recycling projects. Under Lerner, Curitiba began a pioneering project, exchanging food for separated rubbish with the poor in the <em>favelas<\/em> (shanty towns) that surrounded the city. &quot;Today, Curitiba has the highest level of rubbish separation in the world,&quot; Lerner points out with pride.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Lerner recalls: &quot;Brazil was changing, but the population&#39;s income was dropping. We realised we had to enter more into the social field &#8212; education, health, paying attention to the children. It was a very rich period of innovation.&quot;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>The signs of Lerner&#39;s urban revolution are everywhere: in the once-abandoned quarries and landfill sites that have become parks and recreation areas; in the <a href=\"https:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/hi\/english\/static\/in_depth\/world\/2002\/disposable_planet\/cities\/tale\/services.stm\">Lighthouses of Knowledge<\/a>, educational centres where the city&#39;s youth can study and socialise free of charge; in the cultural centres and theatres; and even in the signs hanging from car garages, proudly proclaiming how many tyres they have recycled since the year began.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Curitiba is not perfect, as the wooden shanties near the airport and the rising murder rate indicate, but it is a radically different city from most others in <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/South_America\">South America<\/a>. The city&#39;s gross domestic product (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gross_domestic_product\">GDP<\/a>) is the fourth highest among Brazil&#39;s cities, behind only S&atilde;o Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and the capital, Bras&iacute;lia. Curitiba also boasts some of the country&rsquo;s lowest illiteracy and unemployment rates. &quot;I don&#39;t like the word &#39;model&#39;, but Curitiba is a reference point for the whole world,&quot; Lerner says.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Buoyed by his successes as mayor, Lerner was elected governor of Paran&aacute; state in 1994. And, with paltry resources, he was forced again to look to innovation. &quot;We did a deal with the fisherman,&quot; he recalls. &quot;If he fishes fish, the money goes to him. If he fishes rubbish, bottles, glass, cans, we will buy it from him. If the conditions are bad for catching fish, he&#39;ll catch rubbish. The more rubbish he gets, the more money he gets and the cleaner the bay gets. The cleaner the bay gets, the more fish he&#39;ll be able to fish. It&#39;s a win-win solution.&quot;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Such initiatives have earned Lerner many fans across the world, and his programmes are today a fixed part of many urban planning curriculums.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>In 1975, he was appointed an urban planning consultant by the United Nations. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bigpicture.tv\/speakers\/5320fa475\">Wally N&#39;Dow<\/a>, former head of the UN Centre for Human Settlements (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.unhabitat.org\/categories.asp?catid=1\">Habitat<\/a>), has described Curitiba as &quot;a wonderful example, because cities that follow this lead can jump-start the economies, assist the poorest of their poor, and clean up their cities.&quot;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Since giving up politics in 2002, Lerner has become a kind of international ambassador for <a href=\"..\/..\/homepage\/show\/single\/en\/340-Urbanisation-Designing-sustainable-cities\">sustainable planning<\/a>. Virtually every week he receives an international delegation in Curitiba at his former home, which is insulated by a grass-covered roof.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Lerner speaks of his <a href=\"..\/..\/article\/show\/single\/en\/720-Preparing-for-an-urban-future\">hopes for the world&#39;s cities<\/a> with an evangelical passion. All cities are capable of solving problems, he believes, be they the slums of Rio de Janeiro or Caracas or the congestion of London and Paris. &quot;I&#39;m optimistic about cities,&quot; he insists. &quot;Mayors who I talk to say, &#39;This can&#39;t be done in my city; it&#39;s very big; it has 10, 12 or 15 million people.&#39; Or they say, &#39;Oh, our country is very poor; our city doesn&#39;t have the resources.&#39; And I always say it is not a question of scale or of resources. Any city in the world can improve, and improve a lot, in less than three years.&quot;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Lerner also believes that urban planning can be a key weapon against global warming and climate change. &quot;As I&#39;m a descendent of Jews, I have some commandments that we need to follow,&quot; he says. &quot;First commandment: use your car less. Second commandment: separate your rubbish. Third: live near to your work, or work near your home. It needs to be about life, work and movement being all together.&quot;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>The rest, he says, is a question of simplicity. &quot;One of the things I have learned is that we have to be committed to simplicity. There is no need to be scared of simplicity. And we can&#39;t want to have all the answers in the world. Many cities end up putting off things because they want to understand everything. They don&#39;t understand that innovating is about starting. Taking care of a city is a process that you start, and then give the population space to respond. There is no place in a city that can&#39;t be better. There is no toad that can&#39;t be a princess, no frog that can&#39;t become a prince.&quot;<\/span><\/p>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/environment.guardian.co.uk\/\"><span>https:\/\/environment.guardian.co.uk\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>Copyright Guardian News &amp; Media Ltd 2008<\/p>\n<p>Homepage photo by <a href=\"https:\/\/flickr.com\/photos\/guilhermy\/437860057\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Guihermy<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Jaime Lerner transformed a congested, grimy, crime-ridden South American city into a world-renowned model of green living and social innovation. Any big urban area can do the same in under three years, he tells Tom Phillips.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":315,"featured_media":53302,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"hashtags":[],"country":[],"class_list":["post-26967","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.0 (Yoast SEO v26.0) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>A quiet revolution in Brazil | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Jaime Lerner transformed a congested, grimy, crime-ridden South American city into a world-renowned model of green living and social innovation. 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