{"id":28638,"date":"2010-05-25T11:35:00","date_gmt":"2010-05-25T11:35:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2020-05-14T18:40:10","modified_gmt":"2020-05-14T18:40:10","slug":"3638-smartening-up-global-infrastructure","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/energy\/3638-smartening-up-global-infrastructure\/","title":{"rendered":"Smartening up global infrastructure"},"content":{"rendered":"

Investment in agriculture, infrastructure and industrialisation is an essential pillar of economic development. A hard-won lesson of past experience is that such investment must integrate social and environmental factors if it is to achieve successful long-term development.<\/p>\n

Like other countries, China pays a heavy price for past efforts at economic development that ignored the nation’s social and environmental limits. Mindless industrialisation destroyed forests and impoverished whole regions. The overgrazing of fragile grasslands is expanding deserts and blanketing northern China with ever more frequent<\/a> sandstorms. Short-sighted industrial investments pollute the country’s air, soil and water. According to one statistical estimate, such pollution causes 750,000 premature deaths<\/a> in China every year.<\/p>\n

The lessons that apply to economic development generally also hold true for the water and energy sectors. If built smartly, dams are an important option for electricity and water supply in many countries. Yet as the independent World Commission on Dams has found<\/a>, “In too many cases an unacceptable and often unnecessary price has been paid to secure [their] benefits, especially in social and environmental terms”. Up to 80 million people have been displaced<\/a> for reservoirs around the world, and many of them were impoverished in the process. Dams that trap sediments have caused the loss of thousands of square kilometres of fertile deltas and have made coastal cities (such as New Orleans) more vulnerable<\/a> to storms. The high-level Millennium Ecosystem Assessment<\/a> found that dams and other river diversions have turned freshwater into the ecosystem in which species are most threatened<\/a> by extinction.<\/p>\n

In China, hydropower can help to move the country away from polluting coal consumption. Yet, like in other countries, many dam projects have not respected the limits of ecosystems and society, with serious long-term costs to the whole country. The Three Gorges Dam has unleashed<\/a> uncontrolled erosion and experts fear<\/a> it may have massive long-term impacts on the ecosystems of the Yangtze River<\/a>, its delta, and the East China Sea<\/a>. At least 18 million people have been displaced<\/a> by reservoirs in China. While Chinese resettlement policies are comparatively thorough, abuses have caused frequent protests<\/a>. If not planned and operated diligently, dams can also create serious seismic risks<\/a>. Chinese scientists working at home, in Japan and the United States have found strong evidence indicating that the Zipingpu Dam<\/a> may have triggered the Wenchuan earthquake<\/a> of 2008.<\/p>\n

The lesson of this experience is not that no more dams should be built. But smart water- and energy-sector development entails more than dumping concrete into a river. To avoid long-term costs to the environment, public health and the economy, social, environmental and economic factors must be considered equally when the most appropriate water and energy options are identified. Increasingly, the best options will turn out to be renewable energy from wind, geothermal and modern biomass plants and improvements in water and energy efficiency. Today’s developing countries don’t need to use the approaches and technologies of the early twentieth century to resolve the problems of the twenty-first.<\/p>\n

If China had avoided a deterioration in the nation’s energy efficiency during the 10th Five-Year Plan<\/a>, it could have saved more electricity than the Three Gorges Dam is generating – and at a lower cost. While some European countries have almost completely switched their agriculture to drip irrigation<\/a>, which saves both water and money, China is currently using this practice on only 5% of its irrigated lands. In many poor countries, less than 3% of the potential for renewable energy and drip irrigation has been exploited. These technologies are the markets of the future. And, unlike many large dams, they will not cause regrets for future generations.<\/p>\n

If, after a balanced assessment process, a dam appears to be the best option, it should be built with precautions that reflect the lessons of past experience. If indeed poor countries still have a large hydropower potential to exploit, then they can afford to be discerning. State-of-the-art environmental standards will ensure that the best projects are selected, and built in a way that avoids negative surprises in the future.<\/p>\n

The Chinese government is pragmatic and quick to learn from mistakes – its own and those of others. It has ramped up<\/a> environmental-protection measures and is promoting<\/a> a rapid expansion of renewable energy and energy-efficiency options. The government has stopped<\/a> a few dam projects that were violating laws and regulations and decided to pay retroactive compensation to all the people who were displaced by reservoirs in the past.<\/p>\n

Overseas, Chinese dam companies and financiers started out by building dams – such as the Merowe Dam<\/a> in Sudan and several projects in Myanmar (Burma) – without proper social and environmental standards. Some of these projects caused<\/a> serious social, environmental and safety concerns, and tarnished the reputation of Chinese investors. China’s main dam builders and financiers are now strengthening<\/a> their environmental guidelines. The Chinese government has also started<\/a> to support investment in renewable-energy projects such as solar and wind farms in Africa and other regions. And while Western donors like to build new projects, let them fall into disrepair and then build new projects again, Chinese aid is good at maintaining and restoring the projects it has built in the past.<\/p>\n

In too many cases, Chinese laws and guidelines continue to be disregarded in dam projects at home and abroad. It takes strong oversight and credible sanctions to ensure that the public interest in balanced, long-term development prevails over short-term financial interests and outright corruption. A strengthened role for civil society will help to recognise problems early and avoid costly mistakes. Strong environmental organisations will help to close the gap between laws and regulations and the realities on the ground. International Rivers is proud to work together with Chinese civil society and hydropower companies in closing this gap.<\/p>\n

\nPeter Bosshard is policy director of <\/em>International Rivers<\/em><\/a>. A Swiss citizen, he holds a PhD from Zurich University. Bosshard has worked to strengthen international environmental standards for 20 years and currently directs a programme to encourage environmental reforms among China's overseas dam builders.<\/em><\/p>\n

Homepage image by dazsnow \u5927\u9f99<\/a>
\nAlso in this series:<\/strong>
\nJohn Briscoe praises Chinese finance abroad<\/a>
\nBG Verghese speaks on third pole rivers<\/a>
\nGraeme Kelleher defends dam building<\/a>
\nJoydeep Gupta looks at tension in south Asia<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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