{"id":29112,"date":"2011-02-17T10:00:00","date_gmt":"2011-02-17T10:00:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2020-11-11T11:12:35","modified_gmt":"2020-11-11T11:12:35","slug":"4112-building-china-s-future","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/business\/4112-building-china-s-future\/","title":{"rendered":"Building China\u2019s future?"},"content":{"rendered":"

China\u2019s vice premier, Li Keqiang, spent much of his nine-day European tour in January\u00a0buying<\/a>\u00a0wine and olive oil in Spain and\u00a0signing<\/a>\u00a0multibillion-dollar agreements with Volkswagen and Mercedes Benz in Germany. But it was a\u00a0visit<\/a>\u00a0to a sustainable-housing development in\u00a0Britain\u2019s unglamorous town of\u00a0Watford\u00a0that rounded off the trip of the man tipped to be\u00a0China\u2019s next prime minister.<\/p>\n

This high-level show of interest in the United Kingdom\u2019s green-building sector will have added to the delight of British politicians, already quivering with excitement about\u00a0a new agreement<\/a>\u00a0that will see the country take a role in developing China\u2019s \u201clow-carbon pilots<\/a>\u201d, schemes launched last August\u00a0to accelerate carbon-emission cuts in eight cities. Announcing the deal, Chris Huhne, the UK\u2019s energy and climate change secretary said: \u201cMaking green growth a reality for both countries will be crucial for prosperity, the environment and for our energy security.\u201d<\/p>\n

He has more to look forward to: in April, Qiu Baoxing<\/a>, China\u2019s vice-minister for housing and urban-rural development \u2013 and the man who once declared<\/a> that\u00a0“the world is at war with energy, and China is our battlefront” \u2013\u00a0is expected in London for discussions with a body set up to get British construction firms involved in China\u2019s drive to build a wave of green cities. The two sides (the Chinese party is the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, or MOHURD<\/a>) signed a memorandum of understanding last year.<\/p>\n

Alan Kell<\/a>, an expert in \u201csmart\u201d building technologies with experience overseeing the construction of sustainable demonstration pavilions in Hong Kong, Beijing and Kunming, is co-chair of the body due to host Qiu, the UK-China Eco-Cities & Green Building Working Group<\/a>. In an interview with\u00a0chinadialogue<\/i>, he argued that\u00a0Britain\u2019s big international players can help boost the credibility of\u00a0China\u2019s green construction drive.<\/p>\n

\u201cA lot of the activity in\u00a0China\u00a0is frankly smoke and mirrors,\u201d said Kell. \u201cThey come up with high concepts but, having got something approved as \u2018low-carbon\u2019 or \u2018eco-city<\/a>\u2019, what gets delivered often has little or no reflection of those aspirations \u2013 it\u2019s bog-standard commercial delivery. So we\u2019ve got to get involved in the specification and standards and delivery process to help the Chinese help themselves.\u201d<\/p>\n

There is a heavy dose of commercial self-interest here too. The group \u2013 whose membership at last count comprised 25 of the\u00a0UK\u2019s leading construction, design and property firms plus three universities \u2013 is the latest incarnation of a government and business-backed initiative to promote British green-construction expertise in\u00a0China. This time, its sights are on the mega schemes: the country\u2019s so-called \u201ceco-cities\u201d, typically large-scale satellite developments near existing urban centres, intended to function both as sustainable communities and showcases for cutting-edge design. The Economist<\/i> has reported that, by 2009, there were around 40 such schemes<\/a> on the go, though the lack of a clear \u201ceco-city\u201d definition makes it hard to find a reliable figure.<\/p>\n

It\u2019s easy to see the market\u2019s appeal. According to a 2009 forecast<\/a> from the McKinsey Global Institute,\u00a0China\u00a0will have 350 million extra urban residents by 2025, a date by which the country should have already passed its target<\/a> of a 40% to 45% cut in emissions intensity. And\u00a0Britain\u00a0is not the only country piling in.\u00a0Singapore\u00a0has even managed to get its role in a development in northern\u00a0China\u00a0into the scheme\u2019s name: the \u201cSino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-city<\/a>\u201d, a four billion yuan (US$607 million) urban project planned around a core of conserved wetlands. But do the ambitions of politicians and businesses stuck in stagnant domestic markets sit comfortably with a credible green agenda? In other words, will\u00a0China\u2019s environment actually benefit from the international scramble for work?<\/p>\n

Kell argued that hard-nosed commercialism is actually a powerful way of delivering tangible benefits on the ground, not least because the pressure of the bottom line means companies push for implementation over discussion and large-scale delivery over demonstration: \u201cThese are commercial companies we\u2019re dealing with. They\u2019re prepared to invest a certain amount in capacity building but, come the crunch, their interest is in commercial projects, not demonstration. And my fundamental premise is: unless we\u2019re connecting with commercial delivery, all these discussions are futile.\u201d<\/p>\n

Recent history suggests that sustainable aspirations of international firms in\u00a0China\u00a0do not always produce sustainable results<\/a>, however. Dongtan<\/a>, the prototype eco-city designed by British engineering giant Arup<\/a> for an area of delicate wetlands near\u00a0Shanghai,\u00a0is the most potent example. Plans for the zero-emissions transport, energy self-sufficient scheme, intended to be one third of the size of\u00a0Manhattan\u00a0by 2050, won plaudits internationally (in spite of its location on a fragile ecosystem). But it never got off the ground.<\/p>\n

Huangbaiyu<\/a>, the \u201cmodel sustainable village\u201d designed by\u00a0US\u00a0architect William McDonough<\/a>, was also a dispiriting flop. Forty-two houses were built on the site in Liaoning province, north-east China, but fell so far short of the promised standards that an American anthropologist sponsored to monitor the village\u2019s transformation, Shannon May, was moved to speak out against it:\u00a0\u201cI could no longer continue reading the glowing stories of the successful development of a model eco-town in Huangbaiyu without becoming angry or depressed,\u201d she wrote on her blog<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Does it have to be like this? Not according to Kell. He said the main lesson from the Dongtan fiasco is that projects have to be selected carefully. \u201cYes, there were local financial and political problems, but the message we were given from\u00a0Beijing\u00a0was that they didn\u2019t support the Dongtan project. It didn\u2019t figure in the national programme. And the message we take away from that is this: we have to work at the national level and at the local level to be successful. So we are working at the national level, with MOHURD, to understand and influence their eco-city standards, and we\u2019re working at regional and city level to actually identify real projects.\u201d<\/p>\n

He added that, for real sustainability, there has to be an emphasis on the \u201clife-cycle\u201d of projects \u2013 making sure a scheme is workable and green from beginning to end; from financing arrangements through to post-construction management: \u201cOne statement I picked up from the ministry [MOHURD] is that there\u2019s an increasing need in China to create a facilities management industry, because they\u2019re throwing up all of these new buildings and they\u2019re not performing.\u201d<\/p>\n

He gave an example: \u201cI spoke a couple of years ago at a brand new, state-of-the-art conference centre in\u00a0China. It looked breathtaking but the temperature in the room was unbearable and halfway through, a man came in with a cardboard box and proceeded to smash a hole in the wall and insert a stand-alone air-conditioning unit, just behind the podium. This incident in some ways illustrated the challenge \u2013 you can throw these buildings up, but you need to run them properly too.\u201d<\/p>\n

Whether or not Kell\u2019s team will get to make this point at a practical level is as yet unclear. The group is doing well on memoranda of understanding. But when it comes to actual projects on the ground, there is less progress, though Kell is hopeful that a trade mission to China in March will yield a deal on specific projects in Hunan\u2019s\u00a0Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan City cluster<\/a> (CZT), which as well as promoting green industry\u00a0aims<\/a>\u00a0to be a national exemplar in protecting intellectual property rights.<\/p>\n

And whether or not such projects, in the long-term, will help\u00a0China\u00a0meet its sustainability challenges is another question altogether. Sceptical voices remain. David Tyfield, sociologist at Lancaster University and expert<\/a> in low-carbon innovation in China, while broadly supportive of the eco-city concept, is concerned that political sensitivities surrounding such high-profile schemes will make it difficult to build \u201cmore than showcases\u201d. He pointed to economic challenges too: \u201cThe bottom line is that, while there is a lot of demand for clean living spaces in China, there\u2019s not much demand for paying a premium to live in a low-carbon city. And, if there\u2019s not that demand, is it possible to have an eco-city in China that\u2019s not just a luxury suburb?\u201d<\/p>\n

Kell\u2019s belief is that, with the right leadership, standards and international help, the \u201ceco\u201d in\u00a0China\u2019s eco-city will be meaningful. Here\u2019s hoping.<\/p>\n

Olivia Boyd is assistant editor at <\/i>chinadialogue.<\/i><\/p>\n

Homepage image from\u00a0Openbuildings.com<\/a>\u00a0shows a design for the Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-city.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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