{"id":30618,"date":"2013-01-17T11:12:00","date_gmt":"2013-01-17T11:12:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2020-09-28T10:40:55","modified_gmt":"2020-09-28T10:40:55","slug":"5618-smog-causes-spread-of-beijing-cough","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/pollution\/5618-smog-causes-spread-of-beijing-cough\/","title":{"rendered":"Smog causes spread of \u201cBeijing Cough\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml>\n\n  Normal\n  0\n\n  7.8 \u78c5\n  0\n  2\n\n  false\n  false\n  false\n\n  EN-US\n  ZH-CN\n  X-NONE\n\n  MicrosoftInternetExplorer4\n\n<\/xml><![endif]-->Sara, from Finland, has been coughing during the night again \u2013 her \u201cBeijing Cough\u201d is back. The symptoms are identical to those of six months earlier: a cough, but no sign of a cold.<\/p>\n<p>Not many real Beijingers have heard of the Beijing Cough, but the name is in common use among foreign visitors to the city. They think it\u2019s due to a failure to acclimatise \u2013 you get it when you arrive, and it clears up when you leave, a bit like Delhi Belly.<\/p>\n<p>Before arriving in Beijing, and particularly while the city was hosting the Olympic Games, Sara and her boyfriend Harry had seen plenty of reports on Beijing\u2019s air quality. China\u2019s capital has been working to deal with air pollution \u2013 Du Shaozhong, formerly deputy at the Beijing Environmental Bureau, told <i>Southern Weekend<\/i> that the city had shut down or upgraded over 60,000 boilers of one sort or another since 1998.<\/p>\n<p>In 10 years, the number of days\u00a0on which sulphur-dioxide levels breached regulations during the 134-day period when Beijing\u2019s central heating systems operate fell from 106 to nine.<\/p>\n<p>On arriving in Beijing in April 2011, Sara was ready to \u201cbe a smoker for a year\u201d. But to her delight, they suffered no symptoms in their first few months. Then Sara got an ear infection, which lasted six weeks, after going for a long run outside. And by March the following year, she was coughing for 10 or more minutes during the night, \u201clike a chain smoker\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Harry blamed the Beijing Cough. They moved apartment and bought a Swedish air filtration unit \u2013 but things didn\u2019t improve.<\/p>\n<p>Harry decided the best cure was a return to Finland. In July 2012, Sara flew home, and a month later her symptoms had gone. Harry looked up monitoring data for 2011: \u201cAt its worst, PM2.5 levels in Helsinki were 27 micrograms per cubic metre, and the average is under 10. In Beijing, it\u2019s over 80. And that\u2019s why we reacted as we did: we\u2019re used to very clean air.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>In August, Sara went back to China, and her Beijing Cough returned as well. She went to the doctor.<\/p>\n<p>In Finland, the doctors had struggled to find a cause for her cough. But the doctor in Beijing had more relevant experience. She asked Sara if she suffered similarly in Finland, if she\u2019d always lived in the same apartment in Beijing and how close it was to busy streets. \u201cThen she asked me if I wore a mask, if I exercised outside, if I went for long walks before sleeping, and if I had an air purifier. I think she was wondering if it was the air.\u201d Sara recalls.<\/p>\n<p>On hearing that Sara was taking aspirin for sensitive skin and had suffered a six-week ear infection. The doctor made her diagnosis: her skin was sensitive to particulate matter, and this was affecting her ear, nose and throat. The coughing was due to the dirt in her nose travelling down into her throat as she slept.<\/p>\n<p>The hospital irrigated her nose and throat and prescribed Sara allergy medicine. A week later her symptoms eased. \u201cThe doctor said the main thing was to wear a mask and avoid exercising outdoors.\u201d She always wears a mask now.<\/p>\n<p><b>A term coined by foreigners<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Harry can\u2019t recall the first time he heard of the Beijing Cough, but the phrase seems to have been coined by a foreigner. Many foreigners have joked about it on their blogs: \u201cI&#8217;ve become That Annoying Person clutching her stomach coughing in your subway car, coughing at the restaurant table next to you, coughing and interrupting your conversation,\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/effedinbeijing.blogspot.co.uk\/2009\/03\/beijing-cough.html\">blogged one New Yorker<\/a> in 2009.<\/p>\n<p>In January 2008, British doctor Richard Smith visited Beijing, and afterwards wrote a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.casesjournal.com\/content\/1\/1\/3\">case presentation<\/a> detailing the hour-by-hour progress of his Beijing Cough. \u201cA spasm [of coughing] might last 90 seconds\u2026 A spasm might come every 10 minutes. I didn&#8217;t feel ill, and I didn&#8217;t cough up anything. My throat did feel irritated, but I didn&#8217;t have what I would call a sore throat.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>In fact, the term can be traced all the way back to 1990.<\/p>\n<p>The earliest reference <i>Southern Weekend<\/i> could find was from the September 1990 edition of <i><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=cjIEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA10&amp;dq=beijing+cough&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=W5HtUIz-EerG0QXOt4DABQ&amp;ved=0CDgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=beijing%20cough&amp;f=false\">The Rotarian<\/a><\/i>, in a report citing an article on air pollution: \u201cOnce primarily an urban phenomenon in industrial countries, air pollution has spread worldwide\u2026 In greater Athens\u2026the number of deaths rises six-fold on heavily polluted days. In Hungary, the government ascribes one in 17 deaths to air pollution. In Beijing, air pollution-related respiratory distress is so common that it has been dubbed the \u2018Beijing Cough\u2019.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The author of the report was Hilary F French, who in January 1990 was working at the environmental research outfit Worldwatch Institute. On December 26 last year she told <i>Southern Weekend<\/i>: \u201cThat was the first time I\u2019d used the phrase, but I\u2019d seen it in the news \u2013 I hadn\u2019t been to China myself then.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Use of the term started expanding in academic circles. In 2002, political economy book <i><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=PnvFYd-zUlcC&amp;pg=PA541&amp;dq=%22beijing+cough%22&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=KAHwUIWPPOuQ0QXjqYB4&amp;ved=0CD8Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&amp;q=%22beijing%20cough%22&amp;f=false\">Rich Democracies<\/a><\/i> said that \u201cthe air in its urban areas often has an acrid, sulfurous odor, and the \u2018Beijing Cough\u2019 is heard everywhere.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>In more popular prose, the phrase quickly caught on too \u2013 just like Peking Duck, the Beijing Cough was often covered in guide books. In 2003\u2019s <i><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=xt0zsZyUPPcC&amp;q=%22beijing+cough%22&amp;dq=%22beijing+cough%22&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=KAHwUIWPPOuQ0QXjqYB4&amp;ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA\">Culture Shock: Beijing at Your Door<\/a><\/i>, tourists were warned that \u201cmany people complain of \u2018Beijing Cough\u2019\u2026 it\u2019s a sporadic, dry cough or tickle in the throat that lasts from December through April. As far as we know there is no way to prevent or cure \u2018Beijing Cough\u2019.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The term appeared more frequently online, peaking during the 2008 Beijing Olympics.<\/p>\n<p><b>Beijingers catch the Beijing Cough<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Gradually, Chinese people too came to hear the term. In 2006, Liao Kang complained on his blog that since returning to China from his teaching job in California he had suffered from a cough. His friends said he had been pampered by the pure American air \u2013 and was now suffering from the Beijing Cough.<\/p>\n<p><!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml>\n\n  Normal\n  0\n\n  7.8 \u78c5\n  0\n  2\n\n  false\n  false\n  false\n\n  EN-US\n  ZH-CN\n  X-NONE\n\n  MicrosoftInternetExplorer4\n\n<\/xml><![endif]--><em>On December 5, 2011, Beijing\u2019s visibility was at its lowest for the year. The air quality index at the Chegongzhuang monitoring station was 236. (Photo: Wang Yikun)<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- [if gte mso 9]><![endif]--><!-- [if !mso]>\n\n\n\n<style>\nst1\\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) }\n<\/style>\n\n\n\n<![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 10]>\n\n\n\n<style>\n \/* Style Definitions *\/\n table.MsoNormalTable\n\t{\n\tmso-style-parent:\"\";\n\tfont-size:10.5pt;\"Calibri\",\"sans-serif\";\n\tmso-bidi-\"Times New Roman\";}\n<\/style>\n\n\n\n<![endif]-->But for most Chinese people it has stayed an unfamiliar phrase. A search for the Chinese translation of the phrase brings up few results. Many environmental monitoring staff, respiratory doctors, environmental health experts, and even Du Shaozhong himself, deny knowledge of it. Only Fan Xiaochuan, a professor of public health at Peking University, has used the term in public, at a press conference \u2013 and he heard it from a foreign friend.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIt isn\u2019t a medical term, or a scientific one, it has no definition or specific symptoms, it was made up by foreigners. Winter in Beijing is dry and that can cause coughs \u2013 there are reasons of both climate and pollution,\u201d says Liu Youning, head of the PLA General Hospital\u2019s Respiratory Disease Institute. \u201cIt\u2019s a folk term \u2013 we never diagnose a Beijing cough or a Shanghai cough.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Despite the dismissals, Chinese people have still taken to the term.<\/p>\n<p>Huang Wei, a deputy researcher at Peking University\u2019s Environment and Health Research Centre, only heard it recently. \u201cThree or four American friends have used it with me since the summer of 2012. They were surprised I hadn\u2019t heard it, as I research the link between air pollution and health.\u201d She was sceptical at first, but then it made sense: she had lived in the US for 12 years, and started to get winter coughs after returning to Beijing.<\/p>\n<p>People who arrive in Beijing from other Chinese cities often have the same complaint too. Yoga coach Liu Jia spent time in Guangxi province, south China, in 2011, setting up a new studio. It was only when she returned to Beijing that she realised she hadn\u2019t been aware of the problem before. Yoga involves deep breathing and so requires clean air, and Liu spent a month finding the right air purifier and monitor.<\/p>\n<p>Harry thinks Beijing residents are constantly coughing: taxi drivers cough; when they walk through their apartment complex they can hear the sound of coughing from the windows. He can\u2019t understand why they don\u2019t talk about it more. \u201cAre Beijingers used to everyone coughing, or have they just not noticed?\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Sara recalls a magazine survey which asked 225 Chinese and foreigners what \u201cthe worst thing about Beijing\u201d was. Of the foreigners, 75% said air quality \u2013 but only 28% of Chinese people gave the same answer, with 33% choosing transportation and others opting for high rents and inflation.<\/p>\n<p><b>Urgent treatment needed<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Most Beijingers only realised the dangers of particulate pollution in 2011, during the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chinadialogue.net\/article\/show\/single\/en\/4691-Battle-of-the-blue-skies\">controversy over reporting of PM2.5 levels<\/a>. Li Tianjian sells Yuanda brand air purifiers \u2013 and he saw sales rocket that year. Meanwhile, Wang Jun and Zhang Bin have 800,000 users for their mobile phone software providing nationwide air-quality index information.<\/p>\n<p>That controversy also spurred the Beijing government to make dealing with PM2.5 pollution a priority for 2012. On June 1 the city issued the first standard limiting particulate emissions from diesel fuel. Plans for dealing with air pollution during the 12<sup>th<\/sup> Five Year Plan period issued in December aim to see PM2.5 levels drop by 15% in Beijing \u2013 as opposed to 5% in other key regions.<\/p>\n<p>But there is little chance of a Beijing resident heading to the hospital over a sore throat. At most, they might buy a little medicine. \u201cThe costs aren\u2019t enough for my employer to reimburse, so I\u2019d have to pay myself, and you have to queue, take time off, and I\u2019d lose my attendance bonus,\u201d says one interviewee.<\/p>\n<p>And what long-term impact does air pollution actually have on health? \u201cThe best way to research this is a cohort study, tracking health over the long-term. But in China this is only happening in Wuhan, where they\u2019ve only just started,\u201d says Huang Wei. \u201cIt takes over a decade to do and needs hundreds of millions in funding \u2013 it\u2019s just not happening in China currently.\u201d She thinks the Beijing Cough phenomenon is another reason why air pollution must be dealt with: \u201cNormal people are affected, not just susceptible populations.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>In April this year, Harry will return to the fresh air of Finland. \u201cOur parents\u2019 generation experienced air pollution, but we\u2019ve enjoyed clear air.\u201d Forty years ago, Helsinki\u2019s heating was fuelled by coal, and the buildings were coated in soot. Harry says his time in Beijing has taught him something: \u201cWhen I go back, the first thing I\u2019ll do is tell my friends to treasure the clean air. They never think about it or discuss it, they just think it\u2019s natural. They don\u2019t realise how many people here in Beijing dream of air like that.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><i>Originally published inSouthern Weekend, January 3, 2013.<\/i><\/p>\n<p><!-- [if gte mso 9]><![endif]--><!-- [if !mso]>\n\n\n\n<style>\nst1\\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) }\n<\/style>\n\n\n\n<![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 10]>\n\n\n\n<style>\n \/* Style Definitions *\/\n table.MsoNormalTable\n\t{\n\tmso-style-parent:\"\";\n\tfont-size:10.5pt;\"Calibri\",\"sans-serif\";\n\tmso-bidi-\"Times New Roman\";}\n<\/style>\n\n\n\n<![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 9]><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 9]><![endif]--><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Slang for a persistent throat tickle brought on by air pollution which started in Beijing\u2019s foreign community is catching on fast among locals.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":867,"featured_media":56241,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[760],"tags":[],"hashtags":[],"country":[],"class_list":["post-30618","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-pollution"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.0 (Yoast SEO v26.0) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Smog causes spread of \u201cBeijing Cough\u201d | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Slang for a persistent throat tickle brought on by air pollution which started in Beijing\u2019s foreign community is catching on fast among locals.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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