{"id":32833,"date":"2015-04-07T09:40:00","date_gmt":"2015-04-07T09:40:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2020-11-25T15:43:00","modified_gmt":"2020-11-25T15:43:00","slug":"7833-parched-california-ponders-drastic-measures-to-deal-with-drought","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/7833-parched-california-ponders-drastic-measures-to-deal-with-drought\/","title":{"rendered":"Parched California ponders drastic measures to deal with drought"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>It was a first in California\u2019s history. Standing in an alpine meadow amidst dry grass and rocks in the Sierra Nevada mountains, Governor Jerry Brown announced&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/gov.ca.gov\/news.php?id=18913\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">mandatory water restrictions<\/a>&nbsp;for the entire state:&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8220;This historic drought demands unprecedented action,&#8221; he said.&nbsp;&#8220;People should realise that we are in a new era.&#8221;<\/p>\n<div>In a normal year, the area near Lake Tahoe where Brown was holding his press briefing would be covered by five to six feet (1.5 to 2 metres) of snow. But this is not a normal year: California gets 30% of its water from mountain snowpack. But the snowpack is down to 5% of the average \u2013 the lowest level since the beginning of state-wide measurements in 1950.&nbsp;And with the end of what is normally the wet season, there is no hope for relief any time soon.<\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div>This is why urban residents and businesses will now be forced to cut their water use by 25% from 2013 levels. Golf courses, campuses and cemeteries have to install water saving systems to meet this goal. Farmers and other business owners who illegally divert water face hefty fines. In the meantime, consumers are being offered a state-wide rebate program to buy water-saving appliances.<\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div>The measures sound drastic, but many experts say they fall short of what is needed in the medium and long term. Most agree that upgrading the state\u2019s water infrastructure should be an urgent priority, and that more investment in recycling and other treatment technologies is needed. Beyond that, environmentalists call for restrictions on the thirsty agricultural sector as well as the oil and gas industry.<\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div>And some call for even more ambitious national solutions to augment water supply in the western US. One such idea that has gained more attention in recent years is a proposal to transport water from flood prone regions in the East \u2013 in what would be <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2012\/12\/10\/science\/earth\/federal-plans-for-colorado-river-include-pipeline.html?_r=0\">an American version<\/a> of China\u2019s controversial South-North Water Transfer project.<\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div>Most of California\u2019s water infrastructure was built more than 80 years ago, and it is estimated that 10 to 15% of urban water is lost through leaking pipes. Cities like Los Angeles and San Francisco have already allocated billions of dollars to replace them, but smaller towns could use more help, said Adam Scow, the California Director of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.foodandwaterwatch.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Food &amp; Water Watch<\/a>. \u201cReinvesting in our water infrastructure should be a local, state and federal responsibility.\u201d<\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div>Communities are choosing different approaches to solve their water problems. Several towns in California are building or reactivating desalination plants. But critics point out that such projects are <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chinadialogue.net\/article\/show\/single\/en\/7696-China-s-desalination-plans-could-thwart-war-on-pollution-\">costly and energy-intensive<\/a> \u2013 which is why most experts point to recycling as a more promising and cost-effective way to reduce the use of fresh ground and surface water.<\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div>A new&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.circleofblue.org\/waternews\/2014\/world\/orange-county-recycled-water-system-shows-importance-collaboration\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">wastewater recycling facility in Orange County<\/a>&nbsp;is often cited as a model for future water use: In this \u201ctoilet to tap\u201d approach, recycled sewage water is injected back into the ground water and gets additional filtration as it percolates down. At Stanford University, the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.renuwit.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ReNUWit<\/a>&nbsp;research centre works on commercialising new technologies to recover clear water from wastewater.<\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div><strong>Thirsty farms<\/strong><\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div>But many in the environmental community believe that all the recycling in the world will not quench California\u2019s thirst for water as long as the Governor does not go after the agriculture sector which accounts for 80% of the state\u2019s water consumption. The state now produces&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.motherjones.com\/environment\/2014\/06\/california-drought-water-produce-fruit-vegetables\">almost half&nbsp;<\/a>of US-grown vegetables, fruits and nuts. \u201cHis plan includes no reduction targets for the sector. It also does not prohibit the planting of new water intensive permanent crops,\u201d complained Tom Stokely, water policy analyst for the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.c-win.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California Water Impact Network<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div>Almond trees are Stokely\u2019s favourite example for such a highly water intensive crop. Farmers in the Central Valley grow 600 million pounds (more than 270,000 metric tonnes) of almonds per year, and according to an&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.motherjones.com\/environment\/2015\/01\/california-drought-almonds-water-use\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">investigation by Mother Jones<\/a>&nbsp;magazine, the production of each almond requires more than one gallon (almost 4 litres) of water.<\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div>The debate over the almonds separates environmental activists from more business-minded politicians. Pat Mulroy, the former general manager of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.snwa.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Southern Nevada Water Authority<\/a>, thinks that it would be unrealistic to place restrictions on an agricultural product for which there is high global demand.&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div>California accounts for more than 70% of the world\u2019s almond supply, and one of its biggest markets is China. \u201cHuman food demand is increasing, and every time a country like China makes a successful transition from a developing to a developed country, that also triggers a transition in the diet\u201d, said Mulroy, who is now a researcher at&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.unlv.edu\/brookingsmtnwest\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Brookings Mountain West<\/a>.<\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div><strong>Limits to conservation<\/strong><\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div>Mulroy agreed that conservation has to be a priority, and she pointed to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.snwa.com\/biz\/wcc.html\">efforts Nevada has taken<\/a> to cut back on water use. \u201cBut once you have reached the limits of conservation, you will have to augment the supply from somewhere else.\u201d She thinks it would be worth researching the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.com\/peter-h-gleick\/diverting-the-missouri-ri_b_2287594.html?\">feasibility of diverting<\/a> excess water from the Mississippi River to the Colorado River \u2013 an East-West water pipeline network similar to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chinadialogue.net\/blog\/6737-South-North-water-transfer-project-not-sustainable-says-Chinese-official\/en\">China\u2019s South-North Water Transfer project<\/a>.<\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div>This idea has no support in the environmental community. \u201cThese kinds of high-cost infrastructure projects don\u2019t look at the root causes of our water problems\u201d, said Stokely. They would also be difficult to implement: In the US, the authority over water issues lies with the states, and water rights in the West are governed by a complex system of contracts dating back to the time of the land reclamation.<\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div>This at least, is a point on which Mulroy and the environmental community see eye to eye. The US is lacking a unified national water management system, and in times like these, it becomes increasingly clear that it needs one.<\/div>\n<div>\n<div id=\":1lj\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Show trimmed content\" aria-label=\"Show trimmed content\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ssl.gstatic.com\/ui\/v1\/icons\/mail\/images\/cleardot.gif\" alt=\"\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>California has been forced to slash water use to alleviate lingering drought, but longer-term, drastic measures such as China-style transfer projects are being mooted<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1893,"featured_media":57899,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[761],"tags":[523,543,556,597],"hashtags":[],"country":[],"class_list":["post-32833","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate","tag-conservation","tag-extreme-weather","tag-infrastructure","tag-technology"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.0 (Yoast SEO v26.0) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Parched California ponders drastic measures to deal with drought | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"California has been forced to slash water use to alleviate lingering drought, but longer-term, drastic measures such as China-style transfer projects are being mooted\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" 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