{"id":33027,"date":"2015-07-08T10:22:00","date_gmt":"2015-07-08T10:22:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2020-11-10T11:29:49","modified_gmt":"2020-11-10T11:29:49","slug":"8027-interpreting-ecological-civilisation-part-two","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/pollution\/8027-interpreting-ecological-civilisation-part-two\/","title":{"rendered":"Interpreting ecological civilisation (part two)"},"content":{"rendered":"

This is the second of a special three-part series.<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0<\/strong>
\nPart one:\u00a0Ecological civilisation \u2013 vision for a greener China<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0<\/strong>
\nPart three: Standards, mechanisms and assessment procedures<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

As China struggles to overcome the environmental legacy of its rapid growth and industrialisation, a new central government document on \u201cecological civilisation\u201d<\/a> fleshes out for the first time the policies and approach the government now proposes.<\/p>\n

The first five parts of \u201cOpinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Further Promoting the Development of Ecological Civilization\u201d concern targets, principles and plans for various sectors in Chinese economy and society, including regional development and urbanisation, innovation policy, resources use and ecosystems conservation.<\/p>\n

The first section, \u201coverall requirements,\u201d sets a number of basic principles of \u201cgreen development, circular development and low-carbon development\u201d, stressing\u00a0 \u201cthe leading role\u201d of science and technology innovation, and promising continued support and investment for cleaner modes of production, electricity generation, heating, transport and food.<\/p>\n

While these and other 2020 targets have appeared in other government announcements, integrating them into such a high-level document could be aimed at creating a unified strategy to overcome the rivalry and bargaining between different ministries that has weakened environmental regulation in the past.<\/p>\n

The targets include:<\/div>\n

\u00b7Cutting carbon intensity (CO2<\/sub> emissions per unit of GDP) by 40% to 45% on a 2005 baseline;
\n\u00b7The proportion of non-fossil primary energy consumption rising to around 15%;
\n\u00b7Keeping total water consumption to less than 670 billion cubic metres, with related targets on water efficiency for industrial and agricultural uses;
\n\u00b7Raising forest coverage to above 23%;
\n\u00b7Raising vegetation coverage on grasslands to 56%; and,
\n\u00b7Preserving at least 800 million mu <\/i>(around 533,300 square kilometres) of wetland.<\/p>\n

Part two concerns environmental aspects of China\u2019s regional plans and development approaches in coastal, marine, wetland and other ecologically significant zones.<\/p>\n

It includes \u201cscientific development of marine resources\u201d as a means to protect fisheries and the health of the seas. It also emphasises protection of a \u201cbeautiful\u201d countryside free of pollution and the improvement and reconstruction of dilapidated rural infrastructure, through tourism and the construction of \u201cmodel villages\u201d. Further down, the text commits China to \u201ctransform the agricultural growth model\u201d by promoting a \u201ccircular economy\u201d \u2013 in which resources are reused and recycled, rather than simply being extracted, manufactured and consigned to waste.<\/p>\n

And in promising higher safety for agricultural products, the document suggests this decline in physical structures, livelihoods and environmental quality of the Chinese countryside is closely related to rising health and food safety concerns, including among urban consumers.<\/p>\n

The most critical issue in this section is arguably urbanisation. Currently, 54% of China\u2019s population lives in cities; this is expected to rise to 70% by 2030. China\u2019s urbanisation drive presents enormous opportunities for decarbonisation through smart planning, electric vehicles, integrated renewable energy and public transport systems.<\/p>\n

But if this ambition is not well planned, it also risks locking in high-carbon growth for decades. China\u2019s \u201cnew-style\u201d urbanisation plan to 2020 is mentioned in the Party document \u2013 which endorses these sustainability-oriented principles \u2013 as is the need to \u201cvigorously promote urbanization\u201d, while defining a \u201cscientific and reasonable macro urbanization layout\u201d.<\/p>\n

In other words: to curb urban sprawl in megacities in favour of environmentally sustainable development in China\u2019s small and medium-sized cities.<\/p>\n

The third part of the text addresses \u201ctechnological innovation and structural adjustment\u201d. In other words: how to continue economic growth while improving its quality and move up the \u201cvalue chain\u201d away from heavy industries. The 12th<\/sup> Five-Year Plan (FYP), from 2011 to 2015, emphasised the development of low-carbon innovation systems and promoted \u201cstrategic emerging industries\u201d, such as electric vehicles, through fiscal and other incentives. This document points to continued support, for example in the form of sustained government-funded R&D on renewable energy in the 13th<\/sup> FYP.<\/p>\n

It also warns of the need to avoid overcapacity, a problem in emerging industries such as solar photovoltaics, and to prevent the \u201ctransfer of outdated production facilities to central and western regions\u201d, as higher-value-added manufacturing dominates industry on the eastern seaboard. It advocates giving \u201cfull play to the decisive role of the market in determining the orientation of green industries and choosing technology routes\u201d, rather than specifying specific technology goals for state-supported innovation.<\/p>\n

Some environmentalists may also be encouraged that this section lists \u201corganic agriculture\u201d and \u201cecological agriculture\u201d as examples of innovation that require government support, but nowhere in the text does it mention agricultural biotechnology (such as transgenic crops), which was among the strategic emerging industries in the 12th<\/sup> FYP.<\/p>\n

Section four addresses what is described as the \u201cbottleneck restraint of resources\u201d, through recycling and efficient resource utilisation and the development of a \u201ccircular economy\u201d. This includes a big focus on energy saving and \u201clow-carbon campaigns in energy-intensive organizations\u201d. It also says China should \u201cstrictly implement standards for energy-efficient buildings\u201d, and promotes the \u201capplication of renewable energy in buildings in standards, design and construction\u201d \u2013 an important move if technologies like solar PV are to be utilised effectively, since initial financial outlays and rental contracts often make it difficult for individuals to install renewables at home.<\/p>\n

It also cites the need to \u201cspeed up the establishment of circular systems for industry, agriculture and the service sector\u201d and mentions \u201curban mining\u201d \u2013 the reuse of waste materials from kitchens, buildings and products.\u00a0 It also talks of curbing \u201cunreasonable water demand\u201d, while expanding the use of \u201cunconventional water resources such as reclaimed water\u201d and, presumably desalinated, seawater.<\/p>\n

The fifth part of the document concerns the traditional cornerstone of environmental protection efforts: conservation of the \u201cnatural ecosystem\u201d, so that \u201cpeople can breathe fresh air, drink clean water and work and live in a healthy environment\u201d. This section includes a particular focus on preserving the fragile \u201cecological zones\u201d of the Tibetan plateau, the Loess plateau, major rivers and \u201careas where development is forbidden\u201d.<\/p>\n

This echoes previous government announcements on new \u201cecological red lines<\/a>\u201d for China, which would restrict development in fragile environments. It affirms support for ecological restoration and afforestation projects and mentions the strict implementation of \u201cgrazing prohibition\u201d and other controversial grasslands-protection policies, which have been unpopular with nomadic populations. It also cites the need for biodiversity protection and mentions China\u2019s new system of national parks<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The pollution prevention and control measures in this section include the \u201cAction Plan for Air Pollution Prevention and Control\u201d \u2013 a strict set of new regulations introduced in response to choking smog in urban areas in recent years, alongside similar plans for the prevention of water and soil pollution, the health of effects of which can be just as grave. Equally critical are the need for \u201cprevention, control and emergency management\u201d of risks from \u201cchemicals, persistent organic pollutants and hazardous wastes\u201d, and ensuring nuclear safety \u2013 an increasing concern in coastal cities where nuclear power plants are being proposed. This section also includes the negative ecological impacts of climate change and mentions the need for systems to cope with the impacts of \u201cextreme weather\u201d related to global warming.<\/p>\n

In conclusion, this key Party document \u2013 despite its inconspicuous title and dense wording \u2013 brings together in its first five parts many of the environmental commitments that Party and government plans and pledges have outlined in recent months and years, with admirable ambition and strong high-level signals of a commitment to a shift in China\u2019s growth model.<\/p>\n

In the past, implementation and enforcement of similar commitments has often failed, particularly at the local level. The next four sections of the \u201cOpinions\u201d signal a highly significant effort to reform governance for \u201cecological civilisation\u201d in China, with new standards and systems.<\/p>\n

This is the second article in a three-part series, please read the first installment here<\/a>\u00a0and third\u00a0installment here<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

This next piece in a three-part series on China’s roadmap for a new “ecological civilisation” looks at the policy objectives and targets set out in the document<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1071,"featured_media":58055,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[764,760],"tags":[523,537,580],"hashtags":[],"country":[],"class_list":["post-33027","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nature","category-pollution","tag-conservation","tag-ecosystems","tag-policy"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nInterpreting ecological civilisation (part two) | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"This next piece in a three-part series on China's roadmap for a new "ecological civilisation" looks at the policy objectives and targets set out in the document\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, 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