{"id":33038,"date":"2015-07-10T09:45:00","date_gmt":"2015-07-10T09:45:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2020-11-10T11:15:04","modified_gmt":"2020-11-10T11:15:04","slug":"8038-interpreting-ecological-civilisation-part-three","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/pollution\/8038-interpreting-ecological-civilisation-part-three\/","title":{"rendered":"Interpreting ecological civilisation (part three)"},"content":{"rendered":"

This is the third of a special three-part series. <\/strong><\/em>
\nPart one: Ecological civilisation \u2013 vision for a greener China<\/strong><\/a> <\/strong>
\nPart two: Policy objectives and targets<\/strong><\/a> <\/strong><\/p>\n

The environmental goals laid out in the important Party document, the \u201cOpinions of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on Further Promoting the Development of Ecological Civilization\u201d, <\/span>introduced here<\/a>, are laudable and ambitious. However, many of these can be found in other high-level plans and pledges.<\/span><\/p>\n

Many Chinese policymakers have long wished to shift the economy to a greener path, but enforcement has often been thwarted in the past by a fatal combination of fragmentation, secrecy, collusion and repression. The last four sections of the \u201cOpinions\u201d<\/a> set out how the government hopes to reform the governance of China\u2019s \u201cecological civilisation\u201d.<\/p>\n

A key approach, set out in section six of the text proposes a \u201ccomprehensive system of ecological civilization\u201d. This includes improved legislation, enhanced compatibility between China\u2019s many environment-related laws, and revisions to existing laws, such as the Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution Law<\/i>, the Water Pollution Prevention and Control Law<\/i> and the Energy Conservation Law<\/i>. <\/p>\n

China, as the text states, promises to \u201cspeed up the formulation of a number of standards regarding energy consumption, water consumption, land consumption, pollutant emissions and environmental quality\u201d, including the introduction of the top-runner scheme<\/a> in energy efficiency, borrowed from Japan\u2019s industrial policy, where it was a notable success.<\/p>\n

The document also emphasises the need to \u201cimprove the system of property rights of natural resource assets\u201d and \u201cstick to and improve the most stringent systems of cultivated land protection and land conservation\u201d: measures that seem designed to curb \u201cland-grabbing\u201d by local officials and developers in rural areas.<\/p>\n

It also cites the \u201cneed to improve the system of monitoring\u201d the environment, including the closure of facilities that illegally discharge pollutants and the strict observation of environmental, resources, land and energy-use \u201cred lines.\u201d<\/p>\n

Economic policies, it says, including \u201cpricing, fiscal, taxation and financial policies\u201d should \u201cmotivate and guide various entities to actively take part in the development of ecological civilization\u201d. This includes environmental taxes, seen recently in a new draft law<\/a>, which would favour energy conservation and environmentally friendly production. There is approval, too, for \u201cmarket-based mechanisms\u201d to promote environmental goals, and labeling schemes for better energy efficiency and promotion of organic products.<\/p>\n

Pilot carbon trading programmes will be \u201cintensified\u201d and a national carbon market established, alongside stepped up efforts on pilot trading programmes of water rights and the regulation of the water rights market.<\/p>\n

Civil society gets its first mention here, with the declaration the government should \u201cactively promote the third-party treatment of environmental pollution and introduce non-governmental organizations to take part in the treatment of environmental pollution.\u201d<\/p>\n

It also highlights the need to improve \u201ccompensation for ecological protection\u201d, referring to payments for ecosystems services, such as fiscal incentives to avoid deforestation.<\/p>\n

Political evaluation<\/b><\/div>\n

There is a promise of long-needed reforms in \u201cthe system of government performance assessment\u201d \u2013 the report card that judges the performance of Chinese officials against criteria set from above. At the heart of China\u2019s environmental enforcement problem \u2013 and hence its ecological crisis \u2013 has been the mismatch between ambitious central government policies and local political evaluation systems, which have promoted officials for their success in achieving fast GDP growth.<\/p>\n

Officials have rarely been punished for permitting environmental violations, and this has often led to collusion between polluters and officials, who have happily overridden the efforts of environmental authorities. This text makes an explicit pledge to abandon \u201cthe concept of regarding economic growth as the only criterion in government performance assessment\u201d, and promises to align as well the \u201ctargets, assessment, rewards and punishments to the requirements for ecological civilization\u201d.  <\/p>\n

It goes so far as to promise to \u201ccancel assessment of GDP of areas where development is forbidden or restricted and key counties of national poverty alleviation and development with a fragile ecological environment.\u201d<\/p>\n

In the future, it states, performance assessment will prioritise agriculture in mainly agricultural areas and ecological protection to areas critical to ecological function.<\/p>\n

It also promises to prepare a \u201cbalance sheet of natural resources\u201d and to audit how well outgoing officials have taken care of natural resource assets and the environment, an approach reminiscent of earlier experiments in  \u201cGreen GDP<\/a>.\u201d  This was an earlier attempt to adjust national growth metrics to take account of pollution costs and natural resources depletion, which once showed great promise but was unexpectedly shelved<\/a> in 2007.<\/p>\n

Significantly, the document proposes a new \u201clifelong accountability system\u201d for officials, which would prevent officials from achieving promotions that could obscure a prior record of environmental destruction and would \u201cinvestigate the regulatory accountability of officials who perform their duty perfunctorily, conduct weak regulation, neglect their duty and perform malfeasance according to discipline and law\u201d.<\/p>\n

Section seven concerns improving \u201cstatistical monitoring and law enforcement supervision\u201d to \u201censure the smooth development of ecological civilization\u201d, aiming to use advanced data techniques to \u201cestablish the comprehensive target system\u201d across different energy, environment and resources fields and to \u201cimprove accuracy and timeliness, and realize information sharing\u201d. This builds on some remarkable successes in realtime environmental transparency<\/a> in China in recent years, and suggests expanding this with the use of \u201csatellite remote sensing\u201d for \u201cround-the-clock monitoring on the protection of natural resources\u201d, as well as reinforcing legal supervision, inspection and punishment of \u201cillegal behaviors and irregularities.\u201d<\/p>\n

Resonating with a recent crackdown on corruption<\/a> among China\u2019s environmental officials, this section reminds them that \u201cofficials are forbidden to illegally intervene in law enforcement activities\u201d. Taken together, these governance reforms could be crucial steps in achieving and enforcing environmental goals in China.<\/p>\n

Part eight focuses on \u201caccelerating the cultivation of good social morals\u201d for promoting ecological civilisation. Despite its overtones of paternalism,  (it also contains a reference to \u201cfostering rational and positive public opinion\u201d, for example), it mainly refers to: environmental education in schools, communities and government; giving \u201cfull play to the role of news media\u201d; promoting awareness about green policies and principles; fostering \u201cgreen lifestyles\u201d among the public and officials through publicity campaigns, with an emphasis on \u201cthrifty, green and low-carbon\u201d ways of living, and \u201creporting advanced models\u201d while \u201cexposing negative examples\u201d.<\/p>\n

In other words, sustainable consumption campaigns, which will be familiar to many people in advanced economies \u2013 with an encouraging focus on environmental education for officials, as well as the public.<\/p>\n

It also strongly supports the \u201cneed to encourage active public participation\u201d. This refers to civil society oversight of environmental regulation with a specific commitment to: accurate and timely environmental information disclosure; the expansion of the \u201cscope\u201d of this transparency; guaranteeing \u201cthe public right to know\u201d; safeguarding the \u201cenvironmental rights and interests of the public\u201d; and improving \u201cthe systems of whistle blowing\u201d, public hearings and \u201cpublic environmental interest litigation\u201d.<\/p>\n

It promises that ecological civilisation \u201cwill expand public participation in the initiation, implementation and post-assessment of construction projects in an orderly manner\u201d and that it will \u201cguide all types of social organizations\u2026to pursue healthy and orderly development and give play to the role of NGOs and volunteers\u201d.<\/p>\n

These words might hearten those in Chinese civil society, long at the forefront of efforts to clean up the development model, whose options are often restricted by the government\u2019s fears for \u201csocial stability\u201d.<\/p>\n

Leadership<\/b><\/div>\n

The final section is titled \u201cearnestly strengthening organizational leadership\u201d, or the government\u2019s role in environmental governance. This puts the Party at the helm of the ecological civilisation effort, with \u201crelevant departments\u201d working in coordination to create \u201cpowerful synergies\u201d.<\/p>\n

It exhorts different regions to \u201cidentify the bottleneck that restricts the local development of ecological civilization\u201d and \u201cwork actively to practice innovations in the system of ecological civilization\u201d, and calls on China to \u201ccarry out extensive international cooperation\u201d and \u201cbuild up the image of a major responsible country and transform green development into new comprehensive national strength\u201d.<\/p>\n

In doing so, the document sets out ways in which government at different levels must implement these   principles, through \u201cregional, sectoral and special plans\u201d based on the text, defining \u201ctargets, tasks, division of duties and responsibilities as well as timing,\u201d to ensure \u201call policies and measures are implemented to the letter\u201d. In conclusion, the text seems to signal a real shift in governance approaches, set out at the highest level.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe authorities used to launch campaigns to protect the ecology,\u201d Wang Yi, from the Chinese Academy of Sciences, recently told<\/a> China Daily<\/i>, \u201cbut the process of building an ecological civilization won’t be possible without long-term mechanisms.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cOpinions of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on Further Promoting the Development of Ecological Civilization\u201d is an encouraging, exhaustive and long-term blueprint for   a greener economy and society. It addresses implementation mechanisms more thoroughly than previous high-level pronouncements.<\/p>\n

And it signals changes that many environmentalists will welcome: a system that no longer protects or rewards polluters, but instead supports clean technology innovation and defends its natural ecosystems. Taken together, these proposals suggest that China\u2019s effort to build an \u201cecological civilisation\u201d has been awarded high priority.<\/p>\n

This is the third article in a three-part series, please read the first installment here<\/a> and second installment here<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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